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1、Chapter4ResinChemistryLouisPilatoAbstractDuringtheensuingyearssincethelastphenolicresinsbookwaspub-lished,manynewandremarkabledevelopmentshaveoccurredintherealmofphenolicchemistryandaregiveninthischapter.Acriticalexaminationofthefirststeporadditionstep(methylolation)intheprepa
2、rationofresolesisdescribedandhowitcanbecontrolledandcomparedwiththetypicalresoleresinpreparations.Itprovidesavisionintothepreparationofmineralwool/glassinsulationresinsandwaystominimizetheundesirabledimer/oligomerformation.Differentreactivitiesofthecommonmethylolatedphenolsan
3、dphenolareranked,andtheirresultingreactivitiesdifferdependingonwhetherformaldehydeispresentorabsentinthemethylolatedphenols.UseoforganicbasessuchastriethylamineindicatesthatamuchfasterreactionofFwithPoccursascomparedtotheuseofNaOHundersimilarconditions,andprimarilyorthodirect
4、edintermediate2-methylolphenolisobtained.FurthermoremethyleneetherlinkagesresultinthefinalTEAresole.BisphenolF,thesimplestoligomerofphenolicnovolak,continuestoelicitconsiderableactivityrelatedtoimprovedandeconomicalsyntheticpreparativemethods.Aunique,novelnovolakprocessinvolvi
5、ngheterogeneous/twophasemethodknownasthePAPSprocessisdiscussedalongwithseveralfeaturesandfavorablecomparisonswithexistingnovolaks.FeaturessuchasnarrowMWD,highyield,lowfreephenol,andrapidreactionfavorthisnewprocess.CurrentmarketsthatarerespondingtoPAPSnovolaksarephotoresistsan
6、dnovolakcuringagentsforepoxyresins.Nanotechnologyisbeingappliedtoresolesandnovolaksaswellasthecloselyrelatedphenolicmaterialssuchascyanateestersandbenzoxazines.WithverysmallL.PilatoPilatoConsulting,BoundBrook,NJ08805,USAe-mail:pilato-consulting@att.netL.Pilato(ed.),PhenolicRe
7、sins:ACenturyofProgress,41DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04714-5_4,#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg201042L.Pilatoamountsofnanoparticles(5%),thesephenolicmaterialsaresignificantly“upgraded”withresultingnanomodifiedphenolicsexhibitinghigherheatstrength,highermodulus,Tg,etc.,withmanyofthes
8、eresincharacteristicscarryingoverintofiberreinforcedcomposites.Anewph
