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1、reviewarticleElectronicsusinghybrid-molecularandmono-moleculardevicesC.Joachim*,J.K.Gimzewski²&A.Aviram³*Centred'ElaborationdeMateÂriauxetd'EtudesStructurales±CentreNationaldelaRechercheScienti®que,29rueJ.Marvig,31055ToulouseCedex,France²IBMResearch,ZurichResearchLaborat
2、ory,8803RuÈschlikon,Switzerland³IBMResearch,T.J.WatsonResearchCenter,Route134,YorktownHeights,NewYork10598,USA.................................................................................................................................................................
3、...........................................................................................................Thesemiconductorindustryhasseenaremarkableminiaturizationtrend,drivenbymanyscienti®candtechnologicalinnovations.Butifthistrendistocontinue,andprovideeverfasterandch
4、eapercomputers,thesizeofmicroelectroniccircuitcomponentswillsoonneedtoreachthescaleofatomsormoleculesÐagoalthatwillrequireconceptuallynewdevicestructures.Theideathatafewmolecules,orevenasinglemolecule,couldbeembeddedbetweenelectrodesandperformthebasicfunctionsofdigitalel
5、ectronicsÐrecti®cation,ampli®cationandstorageÐwas®rstputforwardinthemid-1970s.Theconceptisnowrealizedforindividualcomponents,buttheeconomicfabricationofcompletecircuitsatthemolecularlevelremainschallengingbecauseofthedif®cultyofconnectingmoleculestooneanother.Apossibleso
6、lutiontothisproblemis`mono-molecular'electronics,inwhichasinglemoleculewillintegratetheelementaryfunctionsandinterconnectionsrequiredforcomputation.1viramandRatnersuggestedthatasinglemolecule(Fig.1c)betweendifferingmetallicelectrodesallowedthe®rstwithadonor±spacer±accept
7、or(d±s±a)structure(see(albeitsomewhatambiguous)observationofrecti®cationeffects10111inFig.1c)wouldbehaveasadiodewhenplacedinamolecularmonolayer,con®rmedbysubsequentworkusingAbetweentwoelectrodes:electronscaneasily¯owfrommolecule6(Fig.1c)sandwichedbetweenelectrodesmadefro
8、mthethecathodetotheacceptor,andelectronsfromthesamematerial.donorarethentransferredtotheanode.Theworkin
