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1、DenisSerreMatricesTheoryandApplicationsDenisSerreEcoleNormaleSupe´rieuredeLyonUMPALyonCedex07,F-69364FranceDenis.SERRE@umpa.ens-lyon.frEditorialBoard:S.AxlerF.W.GehringK.A.RibetMathematicsDepartmentMathematicsDepartmentMathematicsDepartmentSanFranciscoStateEastHallUniversityofCalifornia,UniversityUn
2、iversityofMichiganBerkeleySanFrancisco,CA94132AnnArbor,MI48109Berkeley,CA94720-3840USAUSAUSAaxler@sfsu.edufgehring@math.lsa.umich.eduribet@math.berkeley.eduMathematicsSubjectClassification(2000):15-01LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSerre,D.(Denis)[Matrices.English.]Matrices:theoryandap
3、plications/DenisSerre.p.cm.—(Graduatetextsinmathematics;216)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-387-95460-0(alk.paper)1.MatricesI.Title.II.Series.QA188.S47132002512.9′434—dc212002022926ISBN0-387-95460-0Printedonacid-freepaper.TranslatedfromLesMatrices:The´orieetpratique,publishedbyDunod(
4、Paris),2001.2002Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.,175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwit
5、hanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopiniona
6、stowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.987654321SPIN10869456Typesetting:PagescreatedbytheauthorinLaTeX2e.www.springer-ny.comSpringer-VerlagNewYorkBerlinHeidelbergAmemberofBertelsmannSpringerScience+BusinessMediaGmbHToPascaleandJoachimThispageintentionallyl
7、eftblankPrefaceThestudyofmatricesoccupiesasingularplacewithinmathematics.Itisstillanareaofactiveresearch,anditisusedbyeverymathematicianandbymanyscientistsworkinginvariousspecialities.Severalexamplesi