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1、LogicProgrammingwithPrologMaxBramerLogicProgrammingwithPrologMaxBramer,BSc,PhD,CEng,FBCS,FIEE,FRSA,ILTMDepartmentofComputerScienceandSoftwareEngineeringUniversityofPortsmouthUnitedKingdomBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisb
2、ookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005923526Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayberepro-duced,storedort
3、ransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orinthecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicensesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethosetermsshouldbesenttothep
4、ublishers.ISBN-10:1-85233-938-1ISBN-13:978-1852-33938-8SpringerScience+BusinessMediaspringeronline.com©MaxBramer2005Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromthere
5、levantlawsandregula-tionsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Prin
6、tedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica34-543210Printedonacid-freepaperSPIN11344445IntroductionLogicProgrammingisthenamegiventoadistinctivestyleofprogramming,verydifferentfromthatofconventionalprogramminglanguagessuchasC++andJava.FansofLogicProgrammingwouldsaytha
7、t'different'meansclearer,simplerandgenerallybetter!AlthoughthereareotherLogicProgramminglanguages,byfarthemostwidelyusedisProlog.ThenamestandsforProgramminginLogic.ThisbookteachesthetechniquesofLogicProgrammingthroughtheProloglanguage.Prologisbasedonres
8、earchbycomputerscientistsinEuropeinthe1960sand1970s,notablyattheUniversitiesofMarseilles,LondonandEdinburgh.ThefirstimplementationwasattheUniversityofMarseillesintheearly1970s.FurtherdevelopmentattheUniversityofEdinburghledtoadef