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1、EvolutionofParallelCellularMachinesTheCellularProgrammingApproachMosheSippercMosheSipper2004(originallypublishedbySpringer,1997)ToseeaworldinagrainofsandAndaheaveninawild
ower,Holdin nityinthepalmofyourhandAndeternityinanhour.WilliamBlake,AuguriesofInnocenceviiPrefaceThere
2、isgrandeurinthisviewoflife,withitsseveralpowers,havingbeenoriginallybreathedintoafewformsorintoone;andthat,whilstthisplanethasgonecyclingonaccordingtothe xedlawofgravity,fromsosimpleabeginningendlessformsmostbeautifulandmostwonderfulhavebeen,andarebeing,evolved.CharlesDarw
3、in,TheOriginofSpeciesNaturalevolutionhascreated"amultitudeofsystemsinwhichtheactionsofsimple,locally-interactingcomponentsgiverisetocoordinatedglobalinformationprocessing.Insectcolonies,cellularassemblies,theretina,andtheimmunesys-tem,haveallbeencitedasexamplesofsystemsin
4、whichemergentcomputationoccurs.Thistermreferstotheappearanceofglobalinformation-processingcapa-bilitiesthatarenotexplicitlyrepresentedinthesystem'selementarycomponentsorintheirinterconnections.Theparallelcellularmachinesdesigned"bynatureexhibitstrikingproblem-solvingcapac
5、ities,whilefunctioningwithinadynamicenvironment.Thecentralquestionposedinthisvolumeiswhetherwecanmimicnature'sachievement,creatingarti cialmachinesthatexhibitcharacteristicssuchasthosemanifestbytheirnaturalcounterparts.Clearly,thisambitiousgoalisyetfaro ,however,ourintenti
6、stotakeasmallsteptowardit.The rstissuethatmustbeaddressedconcernsthebasicdesignofoursystem,namely,wemustchooseaviablemachinemodel.Weshallpresentanumberofsystemsinthiswork,whichareessentiallygeneralizationsofthewell-knowncel-lularautomata(CA)model.CAsaredynamicalsystemsinwh
7、ichspaceandtimearediscrete.Acellularautomatonconsistsofanarrayofcells,eachofwhichcanbeinoneofa nitenumberofpossiblestates,updatedsynchronouslyindiscretetimesteps,accordingtoalocal,identicalinteractionrule.CAsexhibitthreeno-tablefeatures,namely,massiveparallelism,localityof
8、cellularinteractions,andsimplicityofbasiccomponents(cells).Thus,theypresentanexcellentpoi
