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1、ChallengestotheSecondLawofThermodynamicsFundamentalTheoriesofPhysicsAnInternationalBookSeriesonTheFundamentalTheoriesofPhysics:TheirClarification,DevelopmentandApplicationEditor:ALWYNVANDERMERWE,UniversityofDenver,U.S.A.EditorialAdvisoryBoard:JAMEST.CUSHING,UniversityofNotreDa
2、me,U.S.A.GIANCARLOGHIRARDI,UniversityofTrieste,ItalyLAWRENCEP.HORWITZ,Tel-AvivUniversity,IsraelBRIAND.JOSEPHSON,UniversityofCambridge,U.K.CLIVEKILMISTER,UniversityofLondon,U.K.PEKKAJ.LAHTI,UniversityofTurku,FinlandASHERPERES,IsraelInstituteofTechnology,IsraelEDUARDPRUGOVECKI,U
3、niversityofToronto,CanadaTONYSUDBURY,UniversityofYork,U.K.HANS-JÜRGENTREDER,ZentralinstitutfürAstrophysikderAkademiederWissenschaften,GermanyVolume146ChallengestotheSecondLawofThermodynamicsTheoryandExperimentByVladislavČápekCharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublicandDanielP.She
4、ehanUniversityofSanDiego,SanDiego,California,U.S.A.AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.ISBN1-4020-3015-0(HB)ISBN1-4020-3016-9(e-book)PublishedbySpringer,P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.SoldanddistributedinNorth,CentralandSouthAmericaby
5、Springer,101PhilipDrive,Norwell,MA02061,U.S.A.Inallothercountries,soldanddistributedbySpringer,P.O.Box322,3300AHDordrecht,TheNetherlands.Printedonacid-freepaperAllRightsReserved©2005SpringerNopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanym
6、eans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.PrintedintheNether
7、lands.Toourwives,JanaandAnnieInMemoriamVl´ada(1943-2002)ContentsPrefacexiiiAcknowledgementsxvi1EntropyandtheSecondLaw1.1EarlyThermodynamics..................................11.2TheSecondLaw:Twenty-OneFormulations..............31.3Entropy:Twenty-OneVarieties....................
8、.....131.4NonequilibriumEntropy..............................