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1、INTRODUCTIONHaydenCarruthExistentialismenteredtheAmericanconsciousnesslikeanelephantenteringadarkroom:therewasagooddealofbreakageandthepeopleinsidenaturallymistookthenatureoftheintrusion.Whatwoulditbe?Anengineofdestructionperhaps,atankleftoverfromthewar?Afterawh
2、ilethelightswereturnedonanditwasseentobe"only"anelephant;everyonelaughedandsaidthatacircusmustbepassingthroughtown.Butno,soontheyfoundtheelephantwasheretostay;andthen,lookingcloser,theysawthatalthoughhewasindeedanewcomer,anodd-lookingoneatthat,hewasnotastranger:
3、theyhadknownhimallalong.Thiswasin1946and1947.AndinnotimeatallExistentialismbecameacommonterm.Noquestionofwhatitmeant;itmeantthelifere-emergingafterthewarinthecafesoftheLeftBank—disreputableyoungmeninpaint-smearedjeans,andtheircompanions,thoseblack-stockinged,mak
4、euplessgirlswhosmokedtoomanycigarettesandengagedinwhoknowswhatfolliesbesides.Andtheirleader,apparently,wasthisfellowSartre,whowrotebookswithloathsometitleslikeNauseaandTheFlies.Whatnonsense,thewiseheadsconcluded.Perfectlysafetodismissitasafad,verylikelyahoax.Mea
5、nwhileatcentersofseriousthoughtthetextsofExistentialism,especiallySartre's,werebeingtranslatedandstudied,witharesultingprofoundshocktotheAmericanintellectualestablish-ment.OnonehandtheNeo-ThomistsandothermoralphilosopherswerealarmedbyExistentialism'sdisregardfor
6、traditionalschemesofvalue;ontheotherthepositivistsandanalyticalphilosopherswereoutragedbyExistentialism'swillingnesstoabandonrationalcategoriesandrelyonnonmentalprocessesofconsciousness.Remarkablyviolentattacksissuedfromboththesecamps,setoffallthemoresharplybyth
7、eenthusiasm,hereandthere,ofsmallwelcomingbandsoftheavantgarde.Thatthewelcomerswerenolessill-informedaboutExistentialismthantheattackers,didn'thelpmatters.NeverthelessExistentialism,graduallyandthenmorerapidly,wonadherents,peoplewhotookitseriously.Someonehassaidt
8、hatExistentialismisaphilosophy—ifaphilosophyatail-thathasbeenindependentlyinventedbymillionsofpeoplesim-plyrespondingtotheemergencyoflifeinamodernworld.Comingforthefi
