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1、425QIWAPublishing2007JournalofWaterSupply:ResearchandTechnologyAQUA
2、56.67
3、2007Influenceofcalciumontheevolutionofirreversiblefoulinginmicrofiltration/ultrafiltrationmembranesHiroshiYamamura,KenjiOkimoto,KatsukiKimuraandYoshimasaWatanabeABSTRACTWatertreatmentusingmicrofiltration(MF)/ultrafiltratio
4、n(UF)membranesisgaininginpopularityalloverHiroshiYamamura(correspondingauthor)KenjiOkimototheworldbuttheproblemofmembranefoulingneedstobeaddressed.Inthisstudy,theinfluenceofKatsukiKimuraYoshimasaWatanabecalciumonirreversiblefoulinginMF/UFmembranefilteringnaturalorganicmatter(NOM)wasDivisionof
5、BuiltEnvironment,investigatedonthebasisofaseriesofbench-scalefiltrationtests.Twotypesoffeedwater,solutionofHokkaidoUniversity,N13W8,Kita-ku,Sapporo060-8628,commerciallyavailablehumicacidandsurfacewaterusedfordrinkingwatersource,werefilteredwithJapanTel.:011-706-6267fourdifferentMF/UFmembranes
6、.ItwasfoundthattheinfluenceofcalciumontheevolutionofFax:011-706-6267E-mail:yamamura@eng.hokduai.ac.jpirreversiblefoulingwoulddifferdependingonthefeedwatercharacteristics.Calciumfacilitatedtheaggregationofsmallmoleculeswithhydrophobicnaturecontainedincommerciallyavailablehumicacidandtheaggreg
7、ateprobablypluggedthemicropores,resultinginsevereirreversiblefouling.Theeffectofcalciumwasnotobviousinthecaseofthesurfacewaterusedinthisstudy.Thisresultimpliesthattheuseofcommercialhumicacidfortheexaminationofmembranefoulingwouldbeinappropriate.Keywords
8、calcium,irreversiblefouling,microfiltr
9、ation,naturalorganicmatter,ultrafiltrationINTRODUCTIONApplicationofmembranetechnologytodrinkingwaterirreversiblefoulingshouldbelimitedtoaminimumfrequencytreatmentoffersmanyadvantagessuchasstrictremovalofbecauserepeatedchemicalcleaningmayshortenmembranepathogens(e.g.,Cryptosporidium)(Jacangel
10、o1991;Jacangelolife,anddisposalofspentchemicalreagentsposesanotheretal.1995).Manymicrofiltration(MF)/ultrafiltration(UF)problem(CommitteeReport2003).Thus,thecontrolofthemembranes,whichcanbeoperatedatrelativelylowpressure,irreversiblefoulingisofimportancefo
