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1、PsychologicalBulletin©2012AmericanPsychologicalAssociation2012,Vol.138,No.4,5896150033-2909/12/$12.00DOI:10.1037/a0025587TheExperienceofForce:TheRoleofHapticExperienceofForcesinVisualPerceptionofObjectMotionandInteractions,MentalSimulation,andMotion-RelatedJudgmentsPeterA.WhiteCardi
2、ffUniversityForcesareexperiencedinactionsonobjects.Themechanoreceptorsystemisstimulatedbyproximalforcesininteractionswithobjects,andexperiencesofforceoccurinacontextofinformationyieldedbyothersensorymodalities,principallyvision.Theseexperiencesareregisteredandstoredasepisodictracesi
3、nthebrain.Thesestoredrepresentationsareinvolvedingeneratingvisualimpressionsofforcesandcausalityinobjectmotionandinteractions.Kinematicinformationprovidedbyvisionismatchedtokinematicfeaturesofstoredrepresentations,andtheinformationaboutforcesandcausalityinthoserepresentationsthenfor
4、mspartoftheperceptualinterpretation.Iapplythisaccounttotheperceptionofinteractionsbetweenobjectsandtomotionsofobjectsthatdonothaveperceivedexternalcauses,inwhichmotiontendstobeperceptuallyinterpretedasbiologicalorinternallycaused.Ialsoapplyittointernalsimulationsofeventsinvolvingmen
5、talimagery,suchasmentalrotation,trajectoryextrapolationandjudgment,visualmemoryforthelocationofmovingobjects,andthelearningofperceptualjudgmentsandmotorskills.Simulationssupportmoreaccuratejudgmentswhentheyrepresenttheunderlyingdynamicsoftheeventsimulated.Mechanoreceptiongivesuswhat
6、everlimitedabilitywehavetoperceiveinteractionsandobjectmotionsintermsofforcesandresistances;itsupportsourpracticalinterventionsonobjectsbyenablingustogeneratesimulationsthatareguidedbyinferencesaboutforcesandresistances,andithelpsuslearnnovel,visuallybasedjudgmentsaboutobjectbehavio
7、r.Keywords:forceperception,mentalsimulation,haptics,perceivedobjectmotion,representationalmomentumWhenpeoplewatchamovingbilliardball(A)hitastationaryinput.Inapreviousarticle(White,2009),Iproposedthatourone(B)andsetitinmotion,theyperceiveballAasexertingforceunderstandingofforcescomes
8、fromhapticallymedia
