Springer.Decoupling Control.2002 .pdf

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1、1.IntroductionPriortothe1940s,mostindustrialsystemswererunessentiallymanuallyorusingon-offcontrol.Manyoperatorswereneededtokeepwatchonthemanyvariablesintheplant.Withthecontinuousindustrializationoverthelastseveraldecades,manufacturingandproductionhavetakenoffatanin-crediblyhighspeedinalmostever

2、ypartoftheworld.Asaconsequenceoftheexpandingscaleandvolumeofproduction,therecouldbehundredsoreventhousandsofvariablestobecontrolledinaplant.Themanualeffortthusneededinoperationistremendous.Withincreasinglaborandequip-mentcosts,andwitheagerdemandforhighprecision,qualityandefficiency,theideaofempl

3、oyingoperatorsforthecontrolofphysicalsystemsrapidlybecameuneconomicalandinfeasible.Automaticcontrolthusbecomesasolu-tionmuchsoughtafter.Thefundamentalcomponentinanautomaticcontrolsystemisthesocalled“controller”.Itcouldeitherbeapieceofhardwareorsoftwarecodeinacomputer.Itsjobistoreceiveinformat

4、ionaboutthesystemfromavarietyofsensors,processit,andautomaticallygeneratecom-mandsforcorrectiveactiontobringthevariableofinteresttoitsdesiredvalueortrajectory.Wideapplicationsofautomaticcontrolhavedrivengreatattentiontoitstheoreticaldevelopment.Sincetheageofthefamiliarclas-sicalcontroltheory,

5、manynewandsophisticatedtheorieshaveevolvedandstrikingdevelopmentshavetakenplaceespeciallysince1950s.Optimalandstochasticcontrol,state-spacetheoryandadaptivecontrolareonlyafewtoname.Theadvancesinmicroelectronicswhichgivecheapmicroprocessorswhosecomputationalpoweriscontinuouslyincreasinghaveals

6、oactedasasupportivecatalystinthedevelopmentofnewconceptsbyprovidingconve-nienttestgroundsandplatformsforextensivesimulationstobeperformedinthevariousstagesofdesignandverification,andenablingeffectiveim-plementationofadvancedcontrolalgorithms.Today,automaticcontrollershavefoundamuchwiderscopeofu

7、sagethanonlyinindustrialprocesses.Itmayrangefrommissiletrackinginmilitaryapplications,downtowaterandtemperaturecontrolinwashingmachines.Automaticcontrolsystemshavepermeatedlifeinalladvancedsocieties.Q.-G.Wang:DecouplingControl,LNCIS285,pp.1-9