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1、外文文献翻译原文:FinancialStatementFraud:InsightsfromtheAcademicLiteratureFactorsAffectingFinancialFraudAtAnOrganizationStatementonAuditingStandards(SAS)No.99,ConsiderationofFraudinaFinancialStatementAudit,statesthatthreeconditionsaregenerallypresentwhenfraudoc
2、curs.First,thereisanincentiveorapressuretocommitfraud.Second,circumstancesprovideanopportunityforfraudtobeperpetratedweakcontrolsorabilityofmanagementtooverridecontrols.Finally,thereisanattitudeorrationalizationforcommittingfraud.Theseconditionscollecti
3、velyareknownasthefraudtriangle.Wereviewedtheacademicfindingsrelatedtothepresenceoftheseconditionsincasesoffinancialstatementfraud.ThishelpsprovideabasisforunderstandingthedevelopmentofthequestionnairesandchecklistsinSASNo.82andSASNo.99.Thefollowingisadeta
4、ileddescriptionofthesethreeelements:Incentives/PressuresTheincentivetomisstateearningscanariseduetopressuretomeetanalysts’forecasts,compensationandincentivestructures,theneedforexternalfinancing,orpoorperformance.Dechowetal.(1996),usingasampleof92firmssub
5、jecttoaccountingenforcementreleasesduringtheperiod1982–1992,findthatanimportantmotivationtomanipulateearningsisthedesiretoattractexternalfinancingatlowcost..Ericksonetal.(2006)investigatewhetherexecutiveequityincentivesareassociatedwithaccountingfraud.The
6、yexamineasampleoffirmsaccusedoffraudduringthe1996–2003periodanddonotfindanyrelationbetweenequityincentivesandthelikelihoodofthefirmreportingfraudulentfinancialinformation..Incontrast,Efendietal.(2007),usingasampleoffirmsthatrestatedtheirfinancialstatements,fin
7、dthelikelihoodofamisstatedfinancialstatementincreaseswhentheCEOhasasizableamountofstockoptions“in-the-money.”Theyalsofindthatmisstatementsaremorelikelyforfirmsconstrainedbydebtcovenants,firmsraisingnewdebtorequitycapital,orfirmsthathaveaCEOwhoservesasthechai
8、rmanoftheboard.Beneish(1999a)findsthat,foragroupoffirmssubjecttoaccountingenforcementactionsbytheSEC,managersaremorelikelytosellequityholdingsandexercisestockappreciationrightsinperiodswhenearningsareinflated,suggestinginsidertradin