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1、ModelingEvolutionThispageintentionallyleftblankModelingEvolutionanintroductiontonumericalmethodsD.A.Roff13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypub
2、lishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThai
3、landTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork#D.A.Roff2010ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2010A
4、llrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriescon
5、cerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongre
6、ssCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyCPIAntonyRoweChippenham,WiltshireISBN978–0–19–957114–713579108642Contents1Overview11.1Introduction11.1.1Theaimofthisbook11.1.2WhyRandMATLAB?21.2Operational
7、definitionsoffitness31.2.1Constantenvironment,density‐independent,stable‐agedistribution51.2.2Demographicstochasticity51.2.3Environmentsoffixedlength(e.g.,deterministicseasonalenvironments)71.2.4Constantenvironment,density‐dependencewithastableequilibrium71.2.5Constantenvironment,varia
8、blepopulationdynami
