0195162862.Oxford.University.Press.USA.A.Citizens.Guide.to.Ecology.May.2003

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1、ACitizen'sGuidetoEcology07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9BThispageintentionallyleftblank07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9BACitizen'sGuidetoEcologyLawrenceB.SlobodkinOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS20O307489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9BOXFORDOxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaa

2、mDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSaoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoCopyright©2003byLawrenceB.SlobodkinPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsr

3、eserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSlobodkin,LawrenceB.Acitizen'sguidetoeco

4、logy/byLawrenceB.Slobodkin.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-516286-2(cl.)—0-19-516287-0(pbk.)1.Ecology.2.Nature—Effectofhumanbeingson.I.Title.QH541.S542003577—dc212002072826987654321PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonrecycled,acid-freepaper07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9BT

5、oYan,MathewandLiaht07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9BThispageintentionallyleftblank07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9BContentsAcknowledgmentsixIntroduction3DefiningEcology3Changes5WhyAnotherEcologyBook?12WhoAreEcologists?221THEBIGPICTURE33WaterandEnergy:Life'sNecessities33TheOriginofLifeandofAtmo

6、sphericOxygen43BigSystems52.Lakes52LakesThroughtheSeasons60Oceans73DryLand81HowIndependentAreEcologicalSystems?952HOWDOSPECIESSURVIVE?101Populations101IndividualsandPopulations115SpeciesDiversity127SpeciesExtinction139AreAllInvasiveSpeciesVillains?1443TWOMAJORCURRENTPROBLEMS155GlobalWarmingandEndang

7、eredSpecies155WhatCanBeDoneAboutGlobalWarming?156ProtectingEndangeredSpecies16607489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9B4APPLYINGECOLOGY177Experts,Pseudoexperts,andHowtoTellThemApart177TheImportanceofBeing