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1、OntheChronometryandMetrologyofComputerNetworkTimescalesandtheirApplicationtotheNetworkTime1,2,3ProtocolDavidL.MillsElectricalEngineeringDepartmentUniversityofDelawareAbstractThispapersummarizesissuesincomputernetworktimekeepingwithrespecttotheNetworkTimeProtocol,whic
2、hisusedtosynchronizetimeinmanyofthehostsandgatewaysoftheInternet.ItdescribesthemethodsusedtocoordinateanddisseminateinternationaltimeservicesandhowtheyareincorporatedintoNTPtimeservers.ItdiscussesthehazardsonreckoningNTPdateswiththeconventionalcivilcalendarandastanda
3、rdmethodfornumberingthedays.Finally,thepaperdescribestheNTPtimescale,itsmappingtoconventionalciviltimeanddateanditsinterpretationofleapseconds.Keywords:networkclocksynchronization,standardminationofcomputertimeandfrequencyrelativetotimedistribution,timescalecoordinat
4、ion,leapseconds,internationalstandards,andoncalendarmetrology,NetworkTimeProtocol.whichisthedeterminationofconventionalciviltimeanddateaccordingtothemoderncalendar.Itdescribesthe1.IntroductionmethodsconventionallyusedtoestablishciviltimeandEachyearbringsexoticnewappl
5、icationsforprecisiondateandthevarioustimescalesnowinuse.Inparticular,timekeeping,suchasmeasuringthedensityoftheuni-itcharacterizestheNetworkTimeProtocol(NTP)times-verse[RAW87]andcalibratingglobalwarming[SCI91].calerelativetotheCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)Recentimpro
6、vementsintime-transfertechnologyhavetimescale,andestablishesthepreciseinterpretationofdoubledtheprecisionsattainableabouteverysevenUTCleapsecondsinNTP.yearstothecurrentregimeofbetterthanafewnanosec-Inthefollowingdiscussionthetermstime,timescale,ondsovertheglobalrange
7、.Whileinexpensive,ubiqui-oscillator,clock,epoch,timestamp,calendaranddatetoustimetransferusingaglobalcomputernetworkareusedinatechnicalsense.Strictlyspeaking,thetimeordinarilycannotapproachsuchprecisions,accuraciesofaneventisanabstractionwhichdeterminestheorder-ofafe
8、wtensofmillisecondshavebeendemonstratedforingofeventsinsomegivenframeofreferenceortimes-mostpathsintheInternetoftoday[MIL90a].cale.
