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1、INTOTHEQUAGMIREThispageintentionallyleftblankINTOTHEQUAGMIRELyndonJohnsonandtheEscalationoftheVietnamWarBrianVanDeMarkNewYorkOxfordOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS1995OxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkTorontoDelhiBombayCalcuttaMadrasKarachiKualaLumpurSingaporeHongKongTokyoNairobiDares
2、SalaamCapeTownMelbourneAucklandMadridandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright©1991,1995byBrianVanDeMarkPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016-4314FirstpublishedasanOxfordUniversityPresspaperback,1995OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxf
3、ordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-P
4、ublicationDataVanDeMark,BrianIntothequagmire:LyndonJohnsonandtheescalationoftheVietnamWar/BrianVanDeMark.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN0-19-506506-9ISBN0-19-509650-9(pbk.)1.VietnameseConflict,1961-1975—UnitedStates2.UnitedStates—Politicsandgovernment—1963-1969.
5、3.Johnson,LyndonB.(LyndonBaines),1908-1973.I.Title.DS558.V361991959.704'3373—dc2090-68292468109753PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperTomyparentsandDianThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceSOMEYEARSAFTERleavingthepresidency,LyndonJohnsonreflectedontheVietnamWar
6、'ssignificancetobothhishistoricalreputationandtheAmericanexperience."ThestruggleinVietnam,"LBJrightlyobservedinhismemoirs,"inspiredoneofthemostpassionateanddeeplyfeltdebatesinournation'slife.""Thatdebatewillgoon,"hecorrectlyadded,forasJohnsonhimselfrealized,succeedinggenera
7、tionsofhistorians"willmake[their]judgmentsonthedecisionsmadeandtheactionstaken."1LBJhadvoicedsimilarthoughtsasPresident.Asearlyas1965,JohnsonsensedthattheVietnamWarwoulddeterminehisultimateplaceinhistory,overshadowingallelse,includinghisextraordinarydomesticreformpro-gram,t
8、heGreatSociety.LBJ,oneassociatevividlyremembered,talked"aboutthisallthetime."2How,
