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1、Natural-BornCyborgs:Minds,Technologies,andtheFutureofHumanIntelligenceANDYCLARKOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSNATURAL-BORNCYBORGSThispageintentionallyleftblankNATURAL-BORNCYBORGSMinds,Technologies,andtheFutureofHumanIntelligenceANDYCLARK2003OxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBueno
2、sAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoCopyright©2003byAndrewJ.ClarkPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup.com
3、OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUnive
4、rsityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataClark,Andy,1957-Natural-borncyborgs:Minds,technologies,andthefutureofhumanintelligence/AndyClark.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-514866-51.Technology—Socialaspects.2.Neuroscience—Soci
5、alaspects.3.Artificialintelligence—Socialaspects.4.Human–computerinteraction.5.Cyborgs.I.Title.T14.5.C582003303.48'34—dc212002042521135798642PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperForMikeScaife,1948–2001ThispageintentionallyleftblankAcknowledgmentsThisbo
6、okoweslargedebtstomanywell-establishedideasandresearchprograms.AllIhavedoneisreshapetheseideas,puttingthemintomoredirectcontactwithrecenttechnologicaldevelopmentsandwiththean-cientquestionsofwho,what,andwhereweare.Inconstructingthefoun-dationsofthismosaic,Iammostd
7、eeplyindebtedtotheworksofDanielDennettandEdHutchins.Ialsoowemuchtoabriefbutfruitfulcollabora-tionwithDavidChalmers(seeourpaper,“TheExtendedMind”inAnalysis58,no.1[1998]:7–19).Intryingtoseehowspecificnewtechnologiesfitin,IhavebeengreatlyhelpedbytheworksofDonNorman,N
8、eilGershen-feld,KevinKelly,HowardRheingold,YvonneRogers,andMikeScaife.Mikedied,unexpectedly,whileIwasworkingonthisbook,andIrespectfullydedicateittohisme
