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1、BigQuestionsinEcologyandEvolutionThispageintentionallyleftblankBigQuestionsinEcologyandEvolutionTHOMASN.SHERRATTDAVIDM.WILKINSON13GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,ande

2、ducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandTh

3、ailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©ThomasN.SherrattandDavidM.Wilkinson2009ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)

4、Firstpublished2009Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enqu

5、iriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressC

6、ataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyMPGBiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,NorfolkISBN978–0–19–954860–6(Hbk.)978–0–19–954861–3(Pbk.)13579108642ToKittySherratt(1929–2006)andToLionelandEffieWilkinsonThispageintentional

7、lyleftblankContentsPrefaceixAcknowledgementsxiii1.WhyDoWeAge?12.WhySex?253.WhyCooperate?494.WhySpecies?715.WhyaretheTropicssoDiverse?996.IsNatureChaotic?1257.WhyistheWorldGreen?1498.WhyistheSeaBlue?1719.WhendidWeStarttoChangeThings?1871