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1、ThePhanerozoicCarbonCycle:CO2andO2RobertA.BernerOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSTHEPHANEROZOICCARBONCYCLEToJacquesJosephEbelmen,whohaditallfiguredout160yearsagoandwhosepioneeringworkonthelong-termcarboncycleisvirtuallyunknownTHEPHANEROZOICCARBONCYCLE:CO2ANDO2RobertA.Berner120043OxfordNewYork
2、AucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoCopyright©2004byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork
3、10016www.oup.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniver
4、sityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBerner,RobertA.,1935–Thephanerozoiccarboncycle:CO2andO2/RobertA.Berner.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-517333-31.Atmosphericcarbondioxide—Evolution.2.Carboncycle(Biogeochemistry)I.Title.QC879.8.B472004
5、577'.144—dc222003060954987654321PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper1PrefaceThereismuchconfusionattachedtotheterm“carboncycle.”Ithasbeenappliedtodifferenttimescalesrangingfromhoursinbiologicalsystems,todecadesinfutureglobalwarming,tomillenniaandhundredsofmil-lenniainc
6、limatehistory.Muchneglectedisthecyclingofcarbonoverlongertimescales,andthepurposeofthisbookistoalleviatethissitu-ation.WhatIcallthe“long-termcarboncycle”involvestheexchangeofcarbonbetweenrocksandthevariousreservoirsneartheearth’ssur-face,thelatterincludingtheatmosphere,hydrosphere
7、,biosphere,andsoils.Exchangewiththesurfaceinvolvessuchprocessesaschemicalweatheringofsilicateminerals,burialoforganicmatterinsediments,andvolcanicdegassingofCO2.Ihavespentmuchtimeworryingaboutsuchprocessesandfeelthatitistimetoshowhowthelong-termcycleworksandhowtouseitindeducingfac
8、torsaffectingtheevolutionofatmosp
