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1、THEIDEAOFHUMANRIGHTSThispageintentionallyleftblankTHEIDEAOFHUMANRIGHTSCHARLESR.BEITZ13GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dpOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwide
2、inOxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithoYcesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuatemalaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkr
3、aineVietnamOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedintheUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork#CharlesR.Beitz2009ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2009Allr
4、ightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesco
5、ncerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofC
6、ongressControlNumber:2009930118TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperbyClaysLtd,StIvesplcISBN9780199572458135798642ForAnn,andforCarolineandStephanThispageintentionallyleftblankContentsAbbreviationsixPrefacexiChapter1Introduction1.Why
7、thereisaproblem12.Formsofskepticism33.Approach7Chapter2ThePractice4.Origins145.Doctrine276.Implementation317.Anemergentpractice428.Problems44Chapter3NaturalisticTheories9.Naturalismabouthumanrights4910.Persons“assuch”(1):thedemandside5911.Persons“assuch”(2):thesupplyside68Chapte
8、r4AgreementTheories12.“Commoncore”and“overlappi