0195160282.Oxford.University.Press.USA.Thinking.It.Through.An.Introduction.to.Contemporary.Philosophy.Mar.2003

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1、ThinkingItThroughANINTRODUCTIONTOCONTEMPORARYPHILOSOPHYKwameAnthonyAppiahOxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoCopyright©2003byOxfordUni

2、versityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic

3、,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataISBN0–19–516028–2987654321PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperCONTENTSPrefaceixIntroduction:AFewPreliminariesxiCHAPTER1:MIND11

4、.1Introduction.1.1.2Descartes:Thebeginningsofmodernphilosophyofmind.5.1.3Theprivate-languageargument.12.1.4Computersasmodelsofthemind.19.1.5Whyshouldtherebeafunctionalisttheory?22.1.6Functionalism:Afirstproblem.23.1.7Asimple-mindedfunctionalisttheoryofpain.25.1.8Ramsey’ssolutionto

5、thefirstproblem.26.1.9Functionalism:Asecondproblem.28.1.10Magain.29.1.11Consciousness.31.1.12Thepuzzleofthephysical.36.1.13Conclusion.37.CHAPTER2:KNOWLEDGE392.1Introduction.39.2.2Plato:Knowledgeasjustifiedtruebelief.41.2.3Descartes’way:Justificationrequirescertainty.44.2.4Locke’sw

6、ay:Justificationcanbelessthancertain.53.2.5Thefoundationsofknowledge.57.2.6WaysaroundskepticismI:Verificationism.61.2.7Waysaroundskepti-cismII:Causaltheoriesofknowledge.66.2.8Causaltheoriescontrastedwithtraditionalaccountsofjustification.70.2.9Epistemologynaturalized.74.2.10Conclu

7、sion.77.CHAPTER3:LANGUAGE793.1Introduction.79.3.2Thelinguisticturn.80.3.3Thebeetleinthebox.84.3.4Frege’s“sense”and“reference.”87.3.5PredicatesandopenvviContentssentences.92.3.6Problemsofintensionality.96.3.7Truthconditionsandpossibleworlds.99.3.8Analytic-syntheticandnecessary-cont

8、ingent.102.3.9Naturallanguageandl