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1、ENLIGHTENMENTCONTESTEDThispageintentionallyleftblankEnlightenmentContestedPhilosophy,Modernity,andtheEmancipationofMan1670–1752JONATHANI.ISRAEL11GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobj
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4、006ThemoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Firstpublished2006Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordU
5、niversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisb
6、ookinanyotherbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataDataavailableTypesetbyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,IndiaPrintedinGreatBritainonacid-fr
7、eepaperbyClaysLtd.,StIvesplcISBN0–19–927922–5978–0–19–927922–713579108642PrefaceWastheEnlightenmentinessenceasocialoranintellectualphenomenon?Theanswer,arguably,isthatitwasbothandthatphysicalrealityandthelifeofthemindmustbeseentobegenuinelyinteractinginakindofdial
8、ectic,atwo-waystreet,ifwearetoachieveaproperandbalancedapproachtothisfundamentaltopic.DoesitreallymatterhowweinterprettheEnlightenment?Surely,itdoes.For