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1、HistoricalPerspectivesonClimateChangeThispageintentionallyleftblankHISTORICALPERSPECTIVESONCLIMATECHANGEJamesRodgerFlemingNewYorkOxfordOxfordUniversityPress1998OxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkAthensAucklandBangkokBogotaBuenosAiresCalcuttaCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiFlorence
2、HongKongIstanbulKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiParisSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoWarsawandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright©1998byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork,10016Oxfordisaregiste
3、redtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCata
4、loging-in-PublicationDataFleming,JamesRodger.Historicalperspectivesonclimatechange/JamesRodgerFleming,p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-507870-51.Climaticchanges—Europe—History.2.Climaticchanges—UnitedStates—History.3.Globalenvironmentalchange—History.I.Tit
5、le.QC981.8.C5F451998306.4'5—DC2197-2254598765432PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperTotheRodger,Fleming,andYamatofamiliesTheoneconstantcertaintyintheworldischange.—IChing.ThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceThisbookprovideshistoricalperspectivesonclimateandclimatic
6、changesfromtheEnlightenmenttothelate-twentiethcentury.Whathavepeopleunderstood,experienced,andfearedabouttheclimateanditschanges?Howhaveprivilegedandauthoritativepositionsonclimatebeenestablished?Bywhatpathshavewearrivedatourcur-rentstateofknowledgeandapprehension?Whatdoesastudy
7、ofthepasthavetooffertotheinterdisciplinaryinvestigationofenvironmen-talproblems?ThisprojectbeganasastudyofclimaticchangeideasinearlyAmerica.MyresearchledmetoEnlightenmentsourcesinEuropeandtotheaccountsofearlyexplorersandsettlersintheNewWorld.Thestudyquicklybranchedintothedevelop
8、mentofinternationalnet-worksofobservation,thesc