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1、ThresholdofWarThispageintentionallyleftblankThresholdofWarFranklinD.RooseveltandAmericanEntryintoWorldWarIIWaldoHeinrichsOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSNewYorkOxfordOxfordUniversityPressOxfordNewYorkTorontoDelhiBombayCalcuttaMadrasKarachiPetalingJayaSingaporeHongKongTokyoNairobiDaresSalaamCapeTownMelbour
2、neAucklandandassociatedcompaniesinBerlinIbadanCopyright©1988byWaldoHeinrichsFirstpublishedin1988byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016-4314FirstissuedasanOxfordUniversityPresspaperback,1989OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartoft
3、hispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orortherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataHeinrichs,WaldoH.Thresholdofwar:FranklinD.Roose
4、veltandAmericanentryintoWorldWarII/WaldoHeinrichs.p.cm.Bibliography:p.Includesindex.ISBN0-19-504424-XISBN0-19-506168-3(Pbk.)1.WorldWar,1939-1945—Diplomatichistory.2.WorldWar,1939-1945—UnitedStates.3.Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945.I.Title.D753.H381988940.53'2—dc1988-5303CIP681097
5、5PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaforDorothyBorgThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceTheliteratureonAmericanentryintoWorldWarIIisrichandabundantbutmostlysegmented,concernedwithparticulartopics,regions,orrelationships.HistoriesofthePearlHarborattack,forexample,formaworldinthemselves.Yetworldpoli
6、ticswasnotcom-partmentalized.Thecataclysmicchangesintheconfigurationofworldpowerthatoccurredin1940-41—thefallofFrance,Japan'salliancewiththeAxis,theGermanattackontheSovietUnion—reverberatedbetweenEastandWest.Theconfigurationofworldpowerwasmovingfromoneofinterconnectedregionalcrisestowardaunitar
7、yglobalbalanceofforces.TheUnitedStatesalwaysneededtoconsidertheimplicationselsewhereofamoveinanyparticulardirection.TounderstandfullyAmericanentryintoWorldWarIIweneedamodernsynthesiscombiningthestoryofdeepeningparticipationinthewa