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1、N.S.A.FoilsMuchInternetEncryptionByNICOLEPERLROTH,JEFFLARSONandSCOTTSHANEPublished:September5,2013569Comments1TheNationalSecurityAgencyiswinningitslong-runningsecretwaronencryption,usingsupercomputers,technicaltrickery,courtordersandbehind-the-scenespersuasiontounderminethemajortoolsprotectin
2、gtheprivacyofeverydaycommunicationsintheInternetage,accordingtonewlydiscloseddocuments.2Theagencyhascircumventedorcrackedmuchoftheencryption,ordigitalscrambling,thatguardsglobalcommerceandbankingsystems,protectssensitivedataliketradesecretsandmedicalrecords,andautomaticallysecuresthee-mails,W
3、ebsearches,InternetchatsandphonecallsofAmericansandothersaroundtheworld,thedocumentsshow.3Manyusersassume—orhavebeenassuredbyInternetcompanies—thattheirdataissafefrompryingeyes,includingthoseofthegovernment,andtheN.S.A.wantstokeepitthatway.Theagencytreatsitsrecentsuccessesindecipheringprotect
4、edinformationasamongitsmostcloselyguardedsecrets,restrictedtothoseclearedforahighlyclassifiedprogramcode-namedBullrun,accordingtothedocuments,providedbyEdwardJ.Snowden,theformerN.S.A.contractor.4Beginningin2000,asencryptiontoolsweregraduallyblanketingtheWeb,theN.S.A.investedbillionsofdollarsi
5、naclandestinecampaigntopreserveitsabilitytoeavesdrop.Havinglostapublicbattleinthe1990stoinsertitsown“backdoor”inallencryption,itsetouttoaccomplishthesamegoalbystealth.5Theagency,accordingtothedocumentsandinterviewswithindustryofficials,deployedcustom-built,superfastcomputerstobreakcodes,andbe
6、gancollaboratingwithtechnologycompaniesintheUnitedStatesandabroadtobuildentrypointsintotheirproducts.Thedocumentsdonotidentifywhichcompanieshaveparticipated.6TheN.S.A.hackedintotargetcomputerstosnaremessagesbeforetheywereencrypted.Insomecases,companiessaytheywerecoercedbythegovernmentintohand
7、ingovertheirmasterencryptionkeysorbuildinginabackdoor.Andtheagencyuseditsinfluenceastheworld’smostexperiencedcodemakertocovertlyintroduceweaknessesintotheencryptionstandardsfollowedbyhardwareandsoftwaredevelopersaroundtheworld.7“Forthepastdec
