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1、—CHAPTER8EarlyDevelopmentsinPhysiologyandtheRiseofExperimentalPsychologyScientificachievementsofthe17thand18thcen-theerrorhadnotbeenduetoincompetencebuttoturiesallowedancientphilosophicalquestionstobeindividualdifferencesamongobservers.Besselsetoutexaminedinnew,moreprecis
2、eways.Muchhadbeentocomparehisobservationswiththoseofhiscol-learnedaboutthephysicalworld,anditwasnowleaguesandindeedfoundsystematicdifferencestimetodirectscientificmethodtowardthestudyofamongthem.Thiswasthefirstreaction-timestudy,themechanismsbywhichwecometoknowtheanditwasu
3、sedtocorrectdifferencesamongob-physicalworld.Basicallythequestionwas,Bywhatservers.Thiswasdonebycalculatingpersonalequa-mechanismsdoempiricaleventscometoberepre-tions.Forexample,if0.8secondwasaddedtosentedinconsciousness?Everythingfromsenseper-Kinnebrook’sreactiontimehis
4、observationscouldbeceptiontomotorreactionswasstudiedintensely,andequatedwithMaskelyne’s.Besselfoundsystematicthisstudyeventuallygavebirthtoexperimentalpsy-differencesamongindividualsandawaytocompen-chology.Ifweareinterestedindiscoveringtheori-sateforthosedifferences,buth
5、isfindingsdidnotginsofpsychologyweneedtogobacktotheearlyhavemuchimpactontheearlydevelopmentofGreeks.If,however,weareinterestedintheoriginsexperimentalpsychology.Aswewillsee,theearlyofexperimentalpsychology,wemustlooktoearlyde-experimentalpsychologistswereinterestedinlearn
6、-velopmentsinphysiology,anatomy,neurology,andingwhatwastrueabouthumanconsciousnessingen-evenastronomy.eral;thereforeindividualdifferencesfoundamongexperimentalsubjectsweregenerallyattributedtosloppymethodology.Laterinpsychology’shistoryIndividualDifferences(afterDarwin),
7、thestudyofindividualdifferenceswastobeofsupremeimportance.ItwasastronomerswhofirstrealizedthatthetypeofBesseldidshow,however,thattheobserverinflu-knowledgehumanphysiologyprovidesmightbeuse-encedobservations.Becauseallofscienceisbasedonfultoallsciences.In1795astronomerNevil
8、Maske-observation,itwasnownecessarytolearnmorelyneandhisassistantDavidKinnebrookweresettingabouttheproc
