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1、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFSOCIALANDCULTURALANTHROPOLOGYENCYCLOPEDIAOFSOCIALANDCULTURALANTHROPOLOGYEditedbyAlanBarnardJonathanSpencerLondon&NewYorkFirstpublished1996byRoutledge11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P4EESimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanadabyRoutledge29West35thStre
2、et,NewYork,NY10001Firstpublishedinpaperback1998Thiseditionfirstpublished2002RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylorandFrancisGroupThiseditionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2005.“TopurchaseyourowncopyofthisoranyofTaylor&FrancisorRoutledge’scollectionofthousan
3、dsofeBookspleasegotohttp://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.”©1996,1998,2002RoutledgeAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandreco
4、rding,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordfo
5、rthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongressISBN0-203-45803-6Mastere-bookISBNISBN0-203-25684-0(AdobeeReaderFormat)ISBN0-415-28558-5(PrintEdition)TothememoryofJuliaSwannell(1952–92)EditorialboardMauriceBlochRalphGrilloSigneHowellMarshallSahlinsContentsAcknow
6、ledgementsviIntroductionviiHowtousethisbookxListofentriesxiListofcontributorsxviiAnalyticaltableofcontentsxxviiContributionsbyauthorxxxiii1EntriesBiographicalappendix852Glossary890Nameindex937Peopleandplacesindex975Subjectindex988AcknowledgementsManypeopleh
7、avehelpedtheeditorstobringthisvolumetocompletion.TheprojectitselfwasfirstsuggestedbyMarkBarragryofRoutledgeand,atdifferenttimes,wehavebeenablysupportedbyMichelleDarraugh,RobertPottsandSamanthaParkinsonoftheRoutledgeReferenceSection.Friendsandcolleaguestoonu
8、meroustomentionhavewithstoodourmanycasualrequestsforadviceandsupport,nottomentioncontributions—someofwhichhavebeenprovidedunderheroicpressuresoftimeandspace.Oureditorialboardhasalsobeenasourceofsoundad