FOF Encyclopedia Of Buddhism.pdf

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1、EncyclopediaofBuddhismJ:AFEncyclopediaofBuddhismEncyclopediaofCatholicismEncyclopediaofHinduismEncyclopediaofIslamEncyclopediaofJudaismEncyclopediaofProtestantismEncyclopediaofWorldReligionsnnnnnnnnnnnEncyclopediaofBuddhismJ:AFEdwardA.IronsJ.GordonMelton,SeriesEdi

2、torEncyclopediaofBuddhismCopyright©2008byEdwardA.IronsAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystems,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom

3、thepub-lisher.Forinformationcontact:FactsOnFile,Inc.AnimprintofInfobasePublishing132West31stStreetNewYorkNY10001LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataIrons,EdwardA.EncyclopediaofBuddhism/EdwardA.Irons.p.cm.—(Encyclopediaofworldreligions)Includesbibliograph

4、icalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-8160-5459-6(alk.paper)1.Buddhism—Encyclopedias.I.Title.BQ128.I762007294.303—dc222007004503FactsOnFilebooksareavailableatspecialdiscountswhenpurchasedinbulkquanti-tiesforbusinesses,associations,institutions,orsalespromotions.Pleasec

5、allourSpe-cialSalesDepartmentinNewYorkat(212)967-8800or(800)322-8755.YoucanfindFactsOnFileontheWorldWideWebathttp://www.factsonfile.comTextdesignbyErikaArroyoCoverdesignbyCathyRinconMapsbyDaleWilliamsPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVBFOF10987654321Thisbookisprint

6、edonacid-freepaperandcontains30%post-consumerrecycledcontent.contentsKAbouttheEditorsandContributorsviListofIllustrationsviiiListofMapsxListofTablesxPrefacexiBuddhism:AnIntroductionxiiiChronologyxxivENTRIESATOZ1Appendix599ABibliographyofBuddhismandRelatedEasternAs

7、ianReligions601Index611abouttheeditorsandcontributorsKSeriesEditorContributorsJ.GordonMeltonisthedirectoroftheInstituteDavidGrayreceivedaPh.D.inthehistoryoffortheStudyofAmericanReligioninSantareligions,withafocusonBuddhism,fromBarbara,California.HeholdsanM.Div.fro

8、mtheColumbiaUniversity,NewYork.HeisanGarrettTheologicalSeminaryandaPh.D.fromassistantprofessorofreligiousstudiesatSantaNorthwesternUniversity.Meltonisth