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1、Meaningandspeechacts©KeithAllanLinguisticsProgram,MonashUniversityIfweadoptillocutionarypointasthebasicnotiononwhichtoclassifyusesoflanguage,thentherearearatherlimitednumberofbasicthingswedowithlanguage;wetellpeoplehowthingsare,wetrytogetthemtodothings,wecommitourselvestod
2、oingthings,weexpressourfeelingsandattitudes,andwebringaboutchangesthroughourutterances.Oftenwedomorethanoneoftheseatonceinthesameutterance.(Searle1975a:369)1.WHEREWEAREHEADINGToday,ourinterestinspeechactsstemsdirectlyfromtheworkofAustinwhocamefromtheOxfordschoolof"ordinary
3、languagephilosophers"whichalsospawnedGeach,Ryle,Strawson,Grice,andSearle.ItwasintellectuallyengenderedbyWittgenstein,whoobserved(e.g.1953§23)that,tothattime,logicianshadhadverylittleornothingtosayaboutmanyofthestructuresandusagesinnaturallanguage.Theanalysisofspeechactsisa
4、naccountof1contextualizedutterancemeaning,cf.Austin1962,Searle1969,1979,LabovandFanshel1977,BachandHarnish1979,Edmondson1981,Recanati1987,Allan1994b.Mostimportantistheillocutionarypointofanutterance,i.e.whatSpeakerintendstoachievebymakingtheparticularutteranceUiinthepartic
5、ularcontextCi.WeneedidentifytheprocessforlinkingthesensesofthelanguageexpressionsusedtothemeaningofSpeaker'sutterance:webeginbyclarifyingwhatismeantbySpeakerandHearer,anddefiningreflexiveintention;thenweidentifythehierarchyofactsthatcreatethemessagesinutterances.Tothisend,
6、'Meaningandspeechacts'consistsofthefollowingsections:2.Speakers,Hearersandoverhearers3.Locutions,illocutions,andperlocutionswithinthehierarchyofacts4.Performativeclauses5.Speechactclassificationanddefinition6.Presuppositionsandpreconditionsonillocutions7.Clause-typeandprim
7、aryillocution8.Theinferenceschemaforcalculatingillocutionarypoint9.On-recordandoff-record,literalandnonliteral10.Culturaldiversity11.Morethanoneillocutioninanutterance12.Speechactsanddiscourse13.Summary14.References2.SPEAKERS,HEARERSANDOVERHEARERSThesocial-interactionistvi
8、ewisthatlanguageresultsfromactsofspeakingorwritingwhensomeone(whomweshallrefertoasSpeaker
