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1、Chapter2ConsumerBehaviorandDemandTheory(消费者行为与需求理论)©2005MOLThisChapterwillInclude:¢2.1PreferenceandUtility(偏好与效用)¢2.2UtilityMaximizationandChoice¢2.3IncomeandSubstitutionEffects（收入效应与替代效应）¢2.4MarketDemandandElasticity北京大学经济学院张元鹏2Readingsaboutthischapter¢Nicholson:Chapter2-5,7¢Zhang:Chapter3北京大学
2、经济学院张元鹏3OutlineofToday’sClass¢2.1PreferenceandUtility¢2.1.1AssumptionofConsumer’sPreference¢2.1.2FromPreferencetoUtilityFunction¢2.1.3IndifferenceCurve（无差异曲线）¢2.1.4SpecialUtilityFunctionsandTheirIndifferenceCurves北京大学经济学院张元鹏42.1PreferenceandUtility¢2.1.1AssumptionofConsumer’sPreference¢2.1.2Fro
3、mPreferencetoUtilityFunction¢2.1.3IndifferenceCurve（无差异曲线）¢2.1.4SpecialUtilityFunctionsandTheirIndifferenceCurves北京大学经济学院张元鹏52.1.1AssumptionofConsumer’sPreference¢Consumer’sRationalityinEconomics¢Basicbehavioralpostulate:Maximizinghiswell-being.(基本行为假定：最大化自己福利水平)¢Consumer’soptimizationisconstra
4、inedbyhisincomeortime.（消费者的最优选择受其收入和时间的约束）¢Decision-makerchoosesbestavailablealternative（消费者选择最优的可供消费的产品组合）.¢So,tomodelconsumerchoicemustmodelconsumerpreferences.北京大学经济学院张元鹏61.DefiningPreference¢消费者偏好(consumerpreferences)是指消费者根据自己的意愿对其所消费的可能的商品组合所进行的喜好顺序的排列。北京大学经济学院张元鹏71.DefiningPreferenceWhena
5、nindividualreportsthat“XispreferredtoY,”itistakentomeanthatallthingsconsidered,heorshefeelbetteroffundersituationXthanundersituationY.Note:X,orYiscalledabundleofconsumptiongoods(消费品束或组合)北京大学经济学院张元鹏82.HowtoExpressPreferenceRelations(1)¢Bundlesofconsumptiongoods:X=(x1,x2)Y=(y1,y2)IfbundleXisprefe
6、rredtoY(x,x)f(y,y)1212IfbundleYispreferredtoX(y1,y2)f(x1,x2)IfconsumerindifferentbetweenXandY(y1,y2)~(x1,x2)Forexample,x=5bananas,x=6oranges,y=3coconutsand121y=2packetsofbiscuits2北京大学经济学院张元鹏92.HowtoExpressPreferenceRelations(2)¢Consumerscancomparetwodifferentconsumptionbundles,Xandy:¢strictpref
7、erence（严格偏好）:XfY¢weakpreference（弱偏好）:XfY¢indifference:X~Y¢PreferenceRelations¢IfX>YandY>X,thenX~Y¢IfX>YbutnotY>X,thenX>Y北京大学经济学院张元鹏103.HowtoExpressPreferenceRelations(3)¢Theseareordinalrelations（序数关系）¢Onlyrankalternativebundlesbyo
