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1、JoiningForces
2、UniversityofArtandDesignHelsinki
3、September22-24,2005BIGIDEAS:AHISTORYOFFIELDRESEARCHININDUSTRIALDESIGNINTHEUNITEDSTATESJamesArnold,TheOhioStateUniversity,USASincethebeginningsoftheindustrialdesignprofessiondesignershavehadtheoptionofconductingthe
4、irownfieldresearchandhavebeeninfluencedbyotherprofessionssuchas:marketing,humanfactors,andthesocialsciences.Untilrecently,aminorityofindustrialdesignershavebeenconductingfieldresearchaspartofthedesignprocess.Thispaper,condensedfromalargerstudy,describeshowfiel
5、dresearchhasbeenconductedsince1955intheUnitedStatesandisofbenefittothoseinpracticeandacademicsettings.Comprehensivehistoricalaccountsofthissubject,untilnow,werenonexistent.Theconclusionsofthispaperrevealfoursignificantissues.First,fieldresearchwaspracticedthro
6、ughseveraldistincteras.Second,fieldresearchhasgrownfromobscurityintoasophisticatedandstandardizedpractice,anditcontinuestogrowinpopularityforbusinessanduserbenefitreasons.Third,barriersexistthatpreventadoptionoffieldresearchmethods.Fourth,ashiftfromart/intuiti
7、vebaseddesigntoresearchbaseddesignisoccurring;representingagrowthareaforindustrialdesignpracticeandeducation.Fieldresearchisageneraltermthatcanbeusedtodescribemanydifferentkindsofresearchactivitythatbringthedesigner(ordesignteammembers)intodirectcontactwiththe
8、customer.Manydisciplines,includingindustrialdesign,refertofieldresearchasethnography.However,becausethetermethnographytraditionallycamefromthesocialsciencesandbecausedisciplineslikeanthropologyandsociologydefineethnographyinspecificways,fieldresearchhasalsobec
9、omeknownas:customerinquiry,designethnography,discoveryresearch,andempathicdesign.Theprincipleofprolongedculturalimmersion(sometimesrequiringmonthsoryears)commonlyusedinanthropologyistypicallyskippedwhenethnographicmethodsareusedindesign.Theabovetermsservetoimp
10、lythatthemethodologyormethodhasbeencustomizedtosuitthepurposesofproductdevelopment.Productdevelopmenttimecyclesandfinancestypicallydonotallowforextendedperiodsofresearch.Forthepurp
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