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1、1)代词及be动词 主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey 宾格meusyouyouher/him/itthem 代词所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir 名词性代词mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirs be动词现在时Amareareareisare be动词过去时waswerewerewerewaswere2)名词的复数 规则变化的名词复数形式 规则1一般情况+se.g.shell→shells toy→toys 规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾+ese.g.fox→foxes church
2、→churches 规则3以o结尾+s或+ese.g.radio→radios potato→potatoes 规则4以f,fe结尾的,变f,fe为vese.g.life→lives half→halves 规则5以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.sky→skies study→studies3)动词的第三人称单数形式 规则1一般情况+se.g.like-likes,look-looks 规则2以s,x,ch,sh和o结尾+ese.g.do-does,catch-catches 规则3以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+ese.g.carry-carries,fly-
3、flies4)动词现在分词 规则1一般动词加-inge.g.look-looking, read-reading, play-playing 规则2以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-inge.g.make-making,take-taking,arrive-arriving 规则3重读闭音节词结尾,即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ing e.g.run-running,sit-sitting,get-getting,swim-swimming,stop-stopping5)动词过去式 规则动词变化 规则1一般动词加-ede.g.
4、look-looked,watch-watched,play-played 规则2以e结尾的加-de.g.make-maked,arrive-arrived 规则3以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加-edcry-cried,carry-carried 规则4重读闭音节词结尾,即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ed stop-stopped 过去式的读音 在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/e.g.walked,jumped 在浊辅音和元音后读/d/e.g.washed,watched 在/t/,/d/后读/id/e.g.waited,hat
5、ed6)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 比较级 规则1一般加-ere.g.high-higher 规则2以e结尾加-rnice-nicer 规则3以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-erbusy-busier 规则4重读闭音节结尾,双写辅音字母再加-erfat-fatter 最高级 规则1一般加-este.g.high-highest 规则2以e结尾加-stnice-nicest 规则3以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-estbusy-busiest 规则4重读闭音节结尾,双写辅音字母再加--estfat-fattest7)常见缩写: is
6、='sIam=I'mare='re isnot=isn't/iznt/arenot=aren't/a:nt/ donot=don't doesnot=doesn't was='s didnot=didn't cannot=can't have='ve has='s havenot=haven't hasnot=hasn't will='ll willnot=won't shallnot=shan't直接引语/间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:时态,人称,时间地点及指示词1)时态变化: 一般现在时——一般过去时 现在
7、进行时——过去进行时 一般过去时——过去完成时 现在完成时——过去完成时 一般将来时——过去将来时 begoingto——was/weregoingto/would can--could may--might2)时间地点及指示词的变化: here-there,tomorrow-thenextday,thefollowingday,this-that…3)人称变化:根据句意改变人称。4)直接宾语/间接宾语 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 直接宾语是