Anthony, David W - The horse, the wheel, and language _ how bronze-age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world (2007, Princeton University Press)

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1、TheHorse,theWheel,andLanguageThispageintentionallyleftblanktheHORSEtheWHEELandLANGUAGEchowBRONZEAGERIDERSfromtheEURASIANSTEPPESshapedtheMODERNWORLDDAVIDW.ANTHONYPrincetonUniversityPressPrincetonandOxfordCopyright©2007byPrincetonUniversityPressPublishedbyPr

2、incetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,3MarketPlace,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201SYAllRightsReservedISBN-13:978-0-691-05887-0LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007932082BritishLibraryCataloging-i

3、n-PublicationDataisavailableThisbookhasbeencomposedinAdobeCaslonPrintedonacid-freepaper∞press.princeton.eduPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica13579108642CONTENTSgAcknowledgmentsxipartoneLanguageandArchaeology1ChapterOneThePromiseandPoliticsoftheMotherTongue3A

4、ncestors3LinguistsandChauvinists6TheLureoftheMotherTongue11ANewSolutionforanOldProblem15LanguageExtinctionandThought19ChapterTwoHowtoReconstructaDeadLanguage21LanguageChangeandTime22Phonology:HowtoReconstructaDeadSound24TheLexicon:HowtoReconstructDeadMeanin

5、gs32SyntaxandMorphology:TheShapeofaDeadLanguage36Conclusion:RaisingaLanguagefromtheDead38ChapterThreeLanguageandTime1:TheLastSpeakersofProto-Indo-European39TheSizeoftheChronologicalWindow:HowLongDoLanguagesLast?39TheTerminalDateforProto-Indo-European:TheMot

6、herBecomesHerDaughters42TheOldestandStrangestDaughter(orCousin?):Anatolian43TheNextOldestInscriptions:GreekandOldIndic48CountingtheRelatives:HowManyin1500BCE?50viContentsChapterFourLanguageandTime2:Wool,Wheels,andProto-Indo-European59TheWoolVocabulary59TheW

7、heelVocabulary63WhenWastheWheelInvented65TheSignificanceoftheWheel72WagonsandtheAnatolianHomelandHypothesis75TheBirthandDeathofProto-Indo-European81ChapterFiveLanguageandPlace:TheLocationoftheProto-Indo-EuropeanHomeland83ProblemswiththeConceptof“theHomeland”

8、83FindingtheHomeland:EcologyandEnvironment89FindingtheHomeland:TheEconomicandSocialSetting91FindingtheHomeland:UralicandCaucasianConnections93TheLocationoftheProto-Indo-EuropeanHomeland98ChapterSixTheA