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1、EncyclopEdiaofcomputErsciEncEandtEchnologyRevisededitionhaRRyhendeRsonInmemoryofmybrother,BruceHenderson,whogavememyfirstopportunitytoexplorepersonalcomputingalmost30yearsago.ENCYCLOPEDIAOFCOMPUTERSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,RevisedEditionCopyright©2009,2004,2003
2、byHarryHendersonAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystems,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forinformationcon
3、tact:FactsOnFile,Inc.AnimprintofInfobasePublishing132West31stStreetNewYorkNY10001LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataHenderson,Harry,1951–Encyclopediaofcomputerscienceandtechnology/HarryHenderson.—Rev.ed.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandi
4、ndex.ISBN-13:978-0-8160-6382-6ISBN-10:0-8160-6382-61.Computerscience—Encyclopedias.2.Computers—Encyclopedias.I.Title.QA76.15.H432008004.03—dc222008029156FactsOnFilebooksareavailableatspecialdiscountswhenpurchasedinbulkquantitiesforbusinesses,associations,i
5、nstitutions,orsalespromotions.PleasecallourSpecialSalesDepartmentinNewYorkat(212)967-8800or(800)322-8755.YoucanfindFactsOnFileontheWorldWideWebathttp://www.factsonfile.comTextdesignbyErikaK.ArroyoCoverdesignbySalvatoreLuongolllustrationsbySholtoAinsliePhot
6、oresearchbyTobiZausner,Ph.D.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVBHermitage10987654321Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperandcontains30percentpostconsumerrecycledcontent.contEntsACKNOWLEDgmENTSivINTRODUCTIONTOTHEREVISEDEDITIONvA–ZENTRIES1APPENDIxIBibliographiesa
7、ndWebResources527APPENDIxIIAChronologyofComputing529APPENDIxIIISomeSignificantAwards542APPENDIxIVComputer-RelatedOrganizations553INDEx555acknowlEdgmEntsIwishtoacknowledgewithgratitudethepatientandthoroughmanagementofthisprojectbymyeditor,FrankK.Darmstadt.I
8、canscarcelycountthetimeshehasgivenmeencouragementandnudgesasneeded.IalsowishtothankTobiZausner,Ph.D.,forherabilityandefficiencyinobtainingmanyofthephotosforthisbook.ivintroductiontothErEvisEdEditionChancesare
