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1、‘DeixisandPragmatics’forHandbookofPragmaticshandb-horn4.docStephenC.LevinsonMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsForthosewhowanttotreatlanguageasagenerativesystemforobjectivelydescribingtheworld,deixisisonehellofabigblackflyintheointment.Deixisintroducessubjective,attentional,in
2、tentionalandofcoursecontext-dependentpropertiesintonaturallanguages.Further,itisamuchmorepervasivefeatureoflanguagesthannormallyrecognized,andistheoreticallypuzzlinginmanyregards.Allthismakesdifficultatidytreatmentwithinformaltheoriesofsemanticsandpragmatics.Deixisalsoseemscritic
3、alforourabilitytolearnalanguage,whichphilosophersforcenturieshavethoughttobecloselylinkedtothepossibilityofostensivedefinition.Despitethistheoreticalimportance,thesubjectis–asfarasempiricalinvestigationsgo–oneofthemostunderstudiedcoreareasofpragmatics,andwearefarfromunderstanding
4、theboundariesofthephenomena,andhavenoadequatecross-linguistictypologyofmostkindsofdeicticexpression.Thisarticledoesnotattempttorevieweitheralltherelevanttheory(seee.g.thecollectionsinDavis1991,SectionIII,orKasher1998,Vol.III)orallofwhatisknownaboutdeicticsystemsintheworld’slangua
5、ges(seee.g.Anderson&Keenan,1985,Diessel1999).Rather,anattemptismadetopinpointsomeofthemosttantalizingtheoreticalanddescriptiveproblems,tosketchthewayinwhichthesubjectinteractswithotheraspectsofpragmatics,andtoillustrate–throughconcentrationondemonstratives–thekindofadvancesthatco
6、uldbemadewithfurtherempiricalwork.1Awordonterminology:Iwillusetheterms‘deixis’and‘indexicality’prettymuchco-extensively–theysimplycomefromdifferenttraditions(Bühler1934andPeirce1955)andhavebecomeassociatedwithlinguisticandphilosophicalapproachesrespectively.ButIwillmakethisdistin
7、ction:indexicalitywillbeusedtolabelthebroaderphenomenaofcontextualdependency,anddeixisthenarrowerlinguistically-relevantaspectsofindexicality.1.0IndexicalityincommunicationandthoughtStudentsoflinguisticsystemstendtotreatlanguageasadisembodiedrepresentationalsystemwhichisessential
8、lyindependentofcurrentcircumstances,that
