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1、ABEAUTIFULMATHABEAUTIFULMATHJOHNNASH,GAMETHEORY,ANDTHEMODERNQUESTFORACODEOFNATURETOMSIEGFRIEDJOSEPHHENRYPRESSWashington,D.C.JosephHenryPress•500FifthStreet,NW•Washington,DC20001TheJosephHenryPress,animprintoftheNationalAcademiesPress,wascreatedwiththegoalofmakingbooksonscience,technology,andh
2、ealthmorewidelyavailabletoprofessionalsandthepublic.JosephHenrywasoneofthefoundersoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesandaleaderinearlyAmeri-canscience.Anyopinions,findings,conclusions,orrecommendationsexpressedinthisvolumearethoseoftheauthoranddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNationalAcademyofS
3、ciencesoritsaffiliatedinstitutions.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSiegfried,Tom,1950-Abeautifulmath:JohnNash,gametheory,andthemodernquestforacodeofnature/TomSiegfried.—1sted.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-309-10192-1(hardback)—ISBN0-309-65928-0(pdfs)1.Game
4、theory.I.Title.QA269.S5742006519.3—dc222006012394Copyright2006byTomSiegfried.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PrefaceShortlyafter9/11,aRussianscientistnamedDmitriGusevpro-posedanexplanationfortheoriginofthenameAlQaeda.HesuggestedthattheterroristorganizationtookitsnamefromIs
5、aacAsimov’sfamous1950ssciencefictionnovelsknownastheFoun-dationTrilogy.Afterall,hereasoned,theArabicword“qaeda”meanssomethinglike“base”or“foundation.”AndthefirstnovelinAsimov’strilogy,Foundation,apparentlywastitled“al-Qaida”inanArabictranslation.InAsimov’sbooks,“Foundation”referredtoanorganiz
6、ationdedicatedtosalvagingadecayinggalacticempire.Theempirewashopeless,destinedtocrumbleintochaos,leavingcivilizationinruinsfor30,000years.Foreseeingtheinevitabilityoftheempire’sdemise,onemandevisedaplantotruncatethecomingeraofdarknesstoameremillennium.Hisstrategywastoestablisha“foundation”ofs
7、cholarswhowouldpreservehumanknowledgeforcivilization’seventualrebirth.Atleastthat’swhathetoldtheempire’sauthorities.Infact,Asimov’shero,amathematiciannamedHariSeldon,createdacommunityofscientistsdevotedtomanipulatingthefu-ture.Seldonactuallyf
