[The Handy Answer Book Series] The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh - The Handy Science Answer Book (The Handy Answer Book Series) (2

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1、HandyScience2/16/1111:26AMPageiTHEHANDYSCIENCEANSWERBOOKHandyScience2/16/1111:26AMPageiiHandyScience2/16/1111:26AMPageiiiTHEHANDYSCIENCEANSWERBOOKFOURTHEDITIONCompiledbytheCarnegieLibraryofPittsburghDetroitHandyScience2/16/1111:26AMPageivTHECopyright©2011byVisibleInkPress®Thisp

2、ublicationisacreativeworkfullyprotectedbyallapplicablecopy-rightlaws,aswellasbymisappropriation,tradesecret,unfaircompeti-HANDYtion,andotherapplicablelaws.NopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutpermissionSCIENCEinwritingfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhowishestoquote

3、briefpassagesinconnectionwithareviewwrittenforinclusioninamaga-zine,newspaper,orwebsite.ANSWERAllrightstothispublicationwillbevigorouslydefended.VisibleInkPress®BOOK43311JoyRd.,#414Canton,MI48187-2075VisibleInkPressisaregisteredtrademarkofVisibleInkPressLLC.MostVisibleInkPressb

4、ooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountswhenpurchasedinbulkbycorporations,organizations,orgroups.Cus-tomizedprintings,specialimprints,messages,andexcerptscanbepro-ducedtomeetyourneeds.Formoreinformation,contactSpecialMarketsDirector,VisibleInkPress,www.visibleinkpress.com,or7

5、34-667-3211.ManagingEditor:KevinS.HileArtDirector:MaryClaireKrzewinskiTypesetting:MarcoDiVitaProofreaders:SarahHermsenandSharonMalinowskiISBN978-1-57859-321-7(pbk.)LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationDataThehandyscienceanswerbook/[editedby]NaomiE.BalabanandJamesE.Bobick.

6、4thed.p.cm.(Thehandyanswerbookseries)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-1-57859-321-7(pbk.)1.ScienceMiscellanea.I.Balaban,NaomiE.II.Bobick,JamesE.Q173.H242011500dc222011000429PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10987654321HandyScience2/16/1111:26AMPagevContentsINTRO

7、DUCTIONviiINDEX…643GENERALSCIENCE,EARTH…145MATHEMATICS,ANDTECHNOLOGY…1AirPhysicalCharacteristicsWaterLandVolcanoesandIntroductionSocieties,EarthquakesObservationandPublications,andAwardsNumbersMeasurementMathematicsComputersCLIMATEANDPHYSICSANDWEATHER…181CHEMISTRY…55Temperature

8、AirPhenomenaEnergy,Motion,andForceLight,WindPrecipitat