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1、CurrentBiology19,546554,April14,2009ª2009ElsevierLtdAllrightsreservedDOI10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.033ArticleDecodingNeuronalEnsemblesintheHumanHippocampusDemisHassabis,1,*CarltonChu,1GeraintRees,1,2asubstantialchallenge[3].Decodingtheactivityofsingle,orNikolausWeiskopf,1PeterD.Molyneux,3sma
2、llnumbersof,neuronshasbeenhighlysuccessful,withandEleanorA.Maguire1,*thebestcharacterizedexamplebeingthememory-related1WellcomeTrustCentreforNeuroimagingresponseofhippocampalplacecellsthatfireinvariantlyInstituteofNeurologywhenananimalisataparticularspatiallocation[46].ItisUniversityColl
3、egeLondonnotclear,however,whatinformationsuchplacecellsrepre-12QueenSquaresentatthepopulationlevel,giventhatrecordinginvivofromLondonWC1N3BGthousandsofhippocampalneuronssimultaneouslyisnotUKcurrentlypossible[3,79].Othertechniquessuchasimme-2InstituteofCognitiveNeurosciencediateearlygene
4、imaginghaveprovidedsomeinsightsintoUniversityCollegeLondonmemoryrepresentationsatthepopulationlevel[10,11]but17QueenSquarehavelimitedtemporalresolution(intheorderofminutes)andLondonWC1N3ARdonotprovideaninvivomeasure,makingitdifficulttoisolateUKwithprecisionthespecificfeatureofastimulus,me
5、mory,or3LionheadStudiosbehaviorassociatedwithgeneexpression.1OccamCourtRecently,invasiveapproachestoexamininghowneuronsSurreyResearchParkencodeinformation[5,12]havebeencomplementedbymulti-Guildford,SurreyGU27YQvariatepatternanalysesofnoninvasivehumanfunctionalMRIUK(fMRI)data[13,14].Func
6、tionalMRImeasuressignalsthatareindirectlycorrelatedwithneuronalactivitysimultaneouslyinmanyindividualvoxels.Eachvoxel,dependingonitssizeSummaryandlocation,containsthousandsofneurons.ConventionalunivariatefMRIanalysismethodsfocusonactivityineachBackground:Thehippocampusunderpinsourabilit
7、ytonavi-individualvoxelinisolation.Incontrast,multivariatepatterngate,toformandrecollectmemories,andtoimaginefutureanalysesharvestinformationfromlocalpatternsofactivityexperiences.Howactivityacrossmillionsofhippocampalexpressedacrossmultiplevoxelsand,hence,largeneuronalneuronss
