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1、GuidetoMeteorologicalInstrumentsandMethodsofObservationwww.wmo.intWMO-No.8GuidetoMeteorologicalInstrumentsandMethodsofObservationWMO-No.8Seventhedition2008WMO-No.8©WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,2008Therightofpublicationinprint,electronicandanyotherformandinany
2、languageisreservedbyWMO.ShortextractsfromWMOpublicationsmaybereproducedwithoutauthorization,providedthatthecompletesourceisclearlyindicated.Editorialcorrespondenceandrequeststopublish,reproduceortranslatethispublicationinpartorinwholeshouldbeaddressedto:Chairper
3、son,PublicationsBoardWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)7bis,avenuedelaPaixTel.:+41(0)227308403P.O.BoxNo.2300Fax:+41(0)227308040CH-1211Geneva2,SwitzerlandE-mail:publications@wmo.intISBN978-92-63-10008-5NOTEThedesignationsemployedinWMOpublicationsandthepresentat
4、ionofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatofWMOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.OpinionsexpressedinWMOpubl
5、icationsarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofWMO.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyWMOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturewhicharenotmentionedoradvertised.PREFACEOneofthepurposesoftheWorldMeteoro
6、logicaltheGuideisnotintendedtobeadetailedinstructionOrganization(WMO)istocoordinatetheactivitiesmanualforusebyobserversandtechnicians,butofits188Membersinthegenerationofdataandrather,itisintendedtoprovidethebasisfortheinformationonweather,climateandwater,accord-
7、preparationofmanualsbyNationalMeteorologicalingtointernationallyagreedstandards.WiththisinandHydrologicalServices(NMHSs)orothermind,eachsessionoftheWorldMeteorologicalinterestedusersoperatingobservingsystems,toCongressadoptsTechnicalRegulationswhichlaymeettheirs
8、pecificneeds.However,noattemptisdownthemeteorologicalpracticesandproceduresmadetospecifythefullydetaileddesignoftobefollowedbyWMOMembers.TheseTechnicalinstruments,sinc
