[新闻学基础知识]06 internet

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1、ComputerandInternetHistoryIn1822,CharlesBabbagecreatedthedifferenceengine,amechanicalcomputer,inEngland.ThefirstelectroniccomputerwasENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer),completedin1946.ThefirstciviliancomputerwasUNIVAC(UniversalAutomatic

2、Computer),madebytheinventorsofENIACin1951.FundedbytheUSDepartmentofDefense,theARPANET(AdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork)in1960swastheancestoroftheInternet.In1991,TimBerners-LeedevelopedHTML(hypertextmarkuplanguage)andfirstwebbrowserwhichmadeWorld

3、WideWebpossible.UnderstandingtheInternetTCP/IP(transmission-controlprotocol/Internetprotocol)MailSMTP(simplifiedmailtransferprotocol)forsendingPOP(postofficeprotocol)forreceivingListservprotocolforbroadcastingFiletransfersFTP(filetransferprotoco

4、l),uploadingwebpagesHTTP(hypertexttransferprotocol),filetransfersoverthewebLocators:DNS(Domainnameservice)translateswebaddressesConversationIRC(Internetrelaychat)sendsinstantmessageUsenetprotocolforasynchronousdiscussionsRemoteaccess:Telnetlogsin

5、toremotecomputerDocumentdisplay:HTMLgovernsthedisplayofwebpagesUnderstandingtheInternetURL(uniformresourcelocator)–HTTPrequest–DNStranslation–ISP(Internetserviceprovider)–webpageserver–TCP/IPbestpathforeachpacket–reassembledonyourcomputer–displayedon

6、browserbyHTMLinstructionsUnderstandingtheInternetNetworks:WiFi(802.11n),strongerandfasterStreaming:IPTVwithMPEG4Newlanguages:JavaScript,DHTML(dynamic),XML(eXtensible)Tracking:cookies,spyware/adware,securityholesinWindowsandIEEncryption:digitalrigh

7、tsmanagement,e-commerce(httpS)InternetindustryHardware:Dell,Hewlett-Packard,Apple,IBM,Lenovo,CiscoSoftware:Microsoftempire,Adobecreativesuite,freeware/shareware(Linux,Firefox)ISPs:provideaccess(Comcast,Cox,AOL,EarthLink,etc.)ICPs:fromcorporationsto

8、individualsInternetcontentSearchengines:google.comPortals:Yahoo!,MSN,AOLE-publishing:Onlineversionsoftraditionalmedia:nytimes.com,cnn.comOnlinepublications:slate.com,salon.comCorporatesites:apple.comGovsites:usa.govEntertainment