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1、THEUNBOUNDPROMETHEUSTechnologicalchangeandindustrialdevelopmentinWesternEuropefrom1750tothepresentDAVIDS.LANDESProfessorofHistory,HarvardUniversityTherightoftheUniversityofCambridgetoprintandsellallmannerofbookswasgranudbyHenryVIIIin1534.TireUniversi
2、tyhasprintedandpublishedcontinuouslysince1584.CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSCAMBRIDGENEWYORKNEWROCHELLEMELBOURNESYDNEYPublishedbythePressSyndicateoftheUniversityofCambridgeThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,CambridgeCB21RP32East57thStreet,NewYork,N.Y.100221
3、0StamfordRoad,Oakleigh,Melbourne3166,Australia©CambridgeUniversityPress1969Firstpublished1969Reprinted1970,1972,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1985,1986,1987(twice),19881PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryofCongressCatalogueCardNumber:6
4、8-21194ISBN052107200XhardcoversISBN0521094186PaperbackChapters2-5andtheConclusionsarerevisedversionsofmaterialfirstpublishedinchapter5ofTheCambridgeEconomicHistoryofEurope,volume6,partITomyParentsCONTENTSPrefacepageviiIIntroductionI2TheIndustrialRevo
5、lutioninBritain4I3Continentalemulation1244Closingthegap1935Shortbreathandsecondwind2JI6Theinterwaryears3597ReconstructionandgrowthsinceI9454868Conclusion538Index556jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjJviiPREFACEThisstudyhasalonghis
6、tory.ItgoesbacktoI954,whenProfessorM.M.PostanaskedmetowriteachapterontechnologicalchangeandindustrialdevelopmentinwesternEuropefortheCambridgeEconomicHistory.ThesubjectwasvastandIwassooncaughtupintheseamlesswebofthehistorian'shistory;sothatbythetimeI
7、hadreachedwhatseemedtometobeaconvenientstoppingplace-thatpoint,aroundI870,whentheleadingindustrialnationsofcontinentalEuropehadeffectedtheirownbreakthroughstoamodemeconomicsystemandwerepreparedtocompetewithBritainoneventerms-Ihadfarexceededthespaceor
8、iginallyallottedtome.Evenso,theeditorsoftheCambridgeEconomicHistoryfeltthatitwasnotagoodideaformychaptertodeviateinthismannerfromthegeneralpatternofthelargervolume,whichwastotakethestoryintothetwentiethcentury;andtheyaskedmetoaddasectionontheperiodfr