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1、WhentheLightsWentOutWhentheLightsWentOutAHistoryofBlackoutsinAmericaDavidE.NyeTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England©2010MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,reco
2、rding,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forinformationonspecialquantitydiscounts,emailspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.edu.SetinStoneSansandStoneSerifbyToppanBest-setPremediaLimited.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCatal
3、oging-in-PublicationDataNye,DavidE.,1946–Whenthelightswentout:ahistoryofblackoutsinAmerica/DavidE.Nye.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-262-01374-1(hbk.:alk.paper)1.Electricpowerfailures—UnitedStates—History.2.Electrification—UnitedStates—History.3.Electrificat
4、ion—Socialaspects—UnitedStates.I.Title.HD9685.U5N9442010333.793'20973—dc22200902549410987654321dedicatedtotheMemoryofFernDrumhellerNye(May5,1920–March18,2008)ContentsAcknowledgementsixIntroduction11Grid92War373Accident674Crisis1055RollingBlackouts1376Terror1737Greenout?205Notes233B
5、ibliography269Index285AcknowledgementsEverybookisassistedbythegenerosity,interest,andsupportofothers,andhowevervaluabletheInternet,librariesremainindispensabletoresearch.IworkedattheDanishRoyalLibraryinCopenhagen,severallibrariesattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,theBostonPubl
6、icLibrary,theRothermereLibraryatOxfordUniversity,GeorgetownUniversity’slibrary,theRobertFrostLibraryatAmherstCollege,theW.E.B.DuboisLibraryattheUniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst,andthelibraryattheUniversityofSouthernDenmark.IalsothanktheEdisonElectricResearchInstituteinWashingtonf
7、orallowingmeaccesstoitscollections.Inaddition,Ihavedrawnuponresearchconductedoverthepast25yearsatthearchivesandlibrariesthankedintheacknowledgementsinmysixpreviousworkspublishedbytheMITPress.Thankstoflexibleandunder-standingeditors,firstSaraMeyrowitzandthenMargyAvery,Iwasallowedtotra
8、nsformthefocusofthisbookco