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1、PhenomenalismFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaPhenomenalismistheviewthatphysicalobjectscannotjustifiablybesaidtoexistinthemselves,butonlyasperceptualphenomenaorsensorystimuli(e.g.redness,hardness,softness,sweetness,etc.)situatedintimeandinspace.Inparticular,phenomenalismreducestalkaboutphysic
2、alobjectsintheexternalworldtotalkaboutbundlesofsense-data.Contents1History2Criticisms3References4Bibliography5ExternallinksHistoryPhenomenalismisaradicalformofempiricismand,hence,itsrootsasanontologicalviewofthenatureofexistencecanbetracedbacktoGeorgeBerkeleyandhissubjectiveidealism,whichDavi
3、dHumefurtherelaborated.[1]JohnStuartMillhadatheoryofperceptionwhichiscommonlyreferredtoasclassicalphenomenalism.ThisdiffersfromBerkeley'sidealisminitsaccountofhowobjectscontinuetoexistwhennooneisperceivingthem.BerkeleyclaimedthatanomniscientGodperceivedallobjectsandthatthiswaswhatkepttheminex
4、istence,whereasMillclaimedthatpermanentpossibilitiesofexperienceweresufficientforanobject'sexistence.Thesepermanentpossibilitiescouldbeanalysedintocounterfactualconditionals,suchas"ifIweretohavey-typesensations,thenIwouldalsohavex-typesensations".Asanepistemologicaltheoryaboutthepossibilityof
5、knowledgeofobjectsintheexternalworld,however,itisprobablethatthemosteasilyunderstandableformulationofphenomenalismistobefoundinthetranscendentalaestheticsofImmanuelKant.AccordingtoKant,spaceandtime,whicharetheaprioriformsandpreconditionsofallsensoryexperience,"refertoobjectsonlytotheextenttha
6、ttheseareconsideredasphenomena,butdonotrepresentthethingsinthemselves".WhileKantinsistedthatknowledgeislimitedtophenomena,heneverdeniedorexcludedtheexistenceofobjectswhichwerenotknowablebywayofexperience,thethings-in-themselvesornoumena,thoughheneverprovedthem.Kant's"epistemologicalphenomenal
7、ism",asithasbeencalled,isthereforequitedistinctfromBerkeley'searlierontologicalversion.InBerkeley'sview,theso-called"things-in-themselves"donotexistexceptassubjectivelyperceivedbundlesofsensationswhichareguaranteedconsistencyandpermanencebeca
