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1、ONBULLSHIT*CTT[(TCPMHWTV2TKPEGVQP7PKXGTUKV[neofthemostsalientfeaturesofourcultureisthatthereissomuchObullshit.Everyoneknowsthis.Eachofuscontributeshisshare.Butwetendtotakethesituationforgranted.Mostpeopleareratherconfidentoftheirabilitytorecognizebullshitandtoavoidbe
2、ingtakeninbyit.Sothephenomenonhasnotarousedmuchdeliberateconcern,orattractedmuchsustainedinquiry.Inconsequence,wehavenoclearunderstandingofwhatbullshitis,whythereissomuchofit,orwhatfunctionsitserves.Andwelackaconscientiouslydevelopedappreciationofwhatitmeanstous.Inothe
3、rwords,wehavenotheory.Iproposetobeginthedevelopmentofatheoreticalunderstandingofbullshit,mainlybyprovidingsometentativeandexploratoryphilosophicalanalysis.Ishallnotconsidertherhetoricalusesandmisusesofbullshit.Myaimissimplytogivearoughaccountofwhatbullshitisandhowitdif
4、fersfromwhatitisnot,or(puttingitsomewhatdifferently)toarticulate,moreorlesssketchily,thestructureofitsconcept.Anysuggestionaboutwhatconditionsarelogicallybothnecessaryandsufficientfortheconstitutionofbullshitisboundtobesomewhatarbitrary.Foronething,theexpressionEXOOVKL
5、Wisoftenemployedquiteloosely—simplyasagenerictermofabuse,withnoveryspecificliteralmeaning.Foranother,thephenomenonitselfissovastandamorphousthatnocrispandperspicuousanalysisofitsconceptcanavoidbeingprocrustean.Nonethelessitshouldbepossibletosaysomethinghelpful,eventhou
6、ghitisnotlikelytobedecisive.Eventhemostbasicandpreliminaryquestionsaboutbullshitremain,afterall,notonlyunansweredbutunasked.SofarasIamaware,verylittleworkhasbeendoneonthissubject.Ihavenotundertakenasurveyoftheliterature,partlybecauseIdonotknowhowtogoaboutit.Tobesure,th
7、ereisonequiteobviousplacetolook—the2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDUThe2('hasanentryforEXOOVKLWinthesupplementaryvolumes,anditalsohasentriesforvariouspertinentusesofthewordEXOOandforsomerelatedterms.Ishallconsidersomeoftheseentriesinduecourse.Ihavenotconsulteddictionariesinla
8、nguagesotherthanEnglish,becauseIdonotknowthewordsforbullshitorbullinanyotherlanguage.Anotherworthwhilesourceisthetitl
