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1、BasicPrinciplesofThermodynamicsDr.CharikleiaLadaEurIngRayWilkinsonEmail:c.lada@herts.ac.ukExt:4257ContentsoBasicThermodynamicDefinitionsandEquations3oLecture1:Thermodynamics10oLecture2:PropertiesofPureSubstances53oLecture3:1stLawandSpecificHeats85oLecture4:GasLawsand1
2、stLaw119oLecture5:2ndLaw171oLecture6:CarnotCycle212oLecture7:EntropyandApplications250oTutorials268oAppendix:ThermodynamicTables1BasicThermodynamicDefinitionsandEquations-Thermodynamicsystem,Boundary,surrounding-Openandclosedsystems-Thermodynamicproperty,extensiveandi
3、ntensiveproperties-Workingsubstance-Thermodynamicstate,statepoint-Thermodynamicprocess,thepathofathermodynamicprocess-Cyclicandnon-cyclicprocesses-Density,specificvolume,pressure33ρρρ=1/v(kg/m)andv=1/ρρρ(m/kg)-Absoluteandgaugepressure2Pabs=Patmo+Pgauge(N/m,Pascal,Atmo
4、,bar)-Temperatureandtemperaturescales-Celsius,Fahrenheit,KelvinandRankintemperaturescalesooT(F)=T(C)x(9/5)+32ooT(C)=[T(F)-32]x(5/9)oT(K)=T(C)+273ooT(R)=T(F)+460-Internal,kineticandpotentialenergies(Joules=N.m=(kg.m2/s2)U,internalormolecularenergy∝systemorgastemperatur
5、e∆∆∆U=mCv∆∆∆T=mCv(T2-T1)(Joules)∆KE,changeinkineticenergy∝systemspeed,∆KE=(1/2)m∆C2(Joules)∆PE,changeinpotentialenergy∝elevation,∆PE=mg∆Z(Joules)-Power(work/time)(N.m/sorwatts)HeatandWork-Definitions,symbols,unitsandsignsconventionHeat,Q(+veiftransferredtosystemand-ve
6、iftransferredfromsystem)Work,W(+veifproducedbythesystemsand-veifconsumedbysystem)QandWunits:JoulesBothQandWcanbemeasuredwithrespecttothetotalmassofthesystemunderconsideration,undersuchconditionstheyaretermedasspecificheatandwork,symbolisedbyqandwandmeasuredinJoules/kg
7、.Foranopenthermodynamicssystems,therateofQandWisoftenused,hence,theunitofJoule/sorJoules/(kg.s)areused.-Thezerothlawofthermodynamics(NOheattransferbetweenanysystemsorobjectsofidenticaltemperature)Firstlawofthermodynamics-Nonflowenergyequation(NFEE)Q-W=∆∆∆U+∆∆∆KE+∆∆∆PE
8、Q-W=∆∆∆U(forastationarysystem;∆∆∆KEand∆∆∆PEiszero)q-w=∆∆∆u(specificheat,workandinternalenergyunitsinJoules/kg)-Definitionoft
