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1、Archaeometry43,4(2001)461±473.PrintedinGreatBritainRAMANSPECTROSCOPICANALYSISOFANCIENTEGYPTIANPIGMENTS*A.ROSALIEDAVIDKeeperofEgyptology,TheManchesterMuseum,UniversityofManchester,OxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UKH.G.M.EDWARDS²andD.W.FARWELLDepartmentofChemicalandForensicSciences,Uni
2、versityofBradford,BradfordBD71DP,UKandD.L.A.DEFARIAInstitutodeQuimica,UniversidadedeSaoPaulo,Av.Prof.LineuPrestes748,CP26077,05513-970SaoPauloSP,BrazilTheapplicationofFT-RamanspectroscopyandvisibleRamanmicroscopytothenon-destructiveanalysisofpigmentspecimensexcavatedfromTellelAma
3、rnabyFlindersPetrieinthe1890shasprovidedinformationaboutthechemicalcompositionofthematerialsusedbyXVIIIthDynastyartistsintheNewKingdomatthetimeofKingAkhenaten,c.1340BC.ComparisonoftheRamanspectraofthesampleslabelled`redandyellowochre'withdocumented,archivalmaterialfromgeologicalc
4、ollectionsprovidedaclearindicationofthematerialsusedintheiron(III)oxide/hydroxidesystem,includinga-hematite,goethite,maghemite,magnetiteandlepidocrocite.Theyellow±orangespecimenlabelled`realgar'provedtobeamixtureofrealgarandpararealgar;sincethespecimenhadbeenshelteredfromlightsin
5、ceitsexcavation,thiscouldindicatethattheancientEgyptianartistsrecognizedthecolourvariationandmayhaveusedthistoeffectintheirdecorations.Aspecimenofyellowochrecontainedgoethite,a-FeO.OH,withparticlesofcrystalline,highlyorderedgraphite;incontrast,theredochrespecimenscontainedamorpho
6、uscarbonparticles.KEYWORDS:EGYPT,MIDDLEKINGDOM,TELLELAMARNA,PIGMENTS,RAMANSPECTROSCOPY,NON-DESTRUCTIVEANALYSIS,REALGAR,OCHRESINTRODUCTIONRamanspectroscopyhasbeenappliedwithdemonstrablesuccesstothestudyofpigmentsinhistoriatedancientmanuscripts(Bestetal.1992,1993,1995;Clarketal.199
7、5,1997,1998;Burgioetal.1997a),medievalcantorals(Edwardsetal.1999c),polychromestatuary(Edwardsetal.2000)andwall-paintings(Coupryetal.1994;Russetal.1995;Edwardsetal.1997,1998,1999a±c;Edwards1998;EdwardsandRullPerez1999;Smithetal.1999).Awealthofinformationaboutancienttechnologyusedi
8、nthepreparationofpigmentsandtheirsubsequ
