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1、THEGREATESCAPETHEGREATESCAPEHealth,Wealth,andtheOriginsofInequalityANGUSDEATONPrincetonUniversityPressPrincetonandOxfordCopyright©2013byPrincetonUniversityPressPublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540IntheUnitedKingdo
2、m:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStreet,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TWpress.princeton.eduJacketandendpaperart:DetailofTheLastJudgement,c.1451(oilonpanel),RogiervanderWeyden(1399–1464)/Muséedel’Hôtel-Dieu,Beaune,France.©PaulMaeyaert/TheBridgemanArtLibrary
3、.AllRightsReservedISBN978-0-691-15354-4LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013941754BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableThisbookhasbeencomposedinHoeflerTextwithUltramagneticdisplaybyPrincetonEditorialAssociatesInc.,Scottsdale,Arizona.Print
4、edonacid-freepaper.∞PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10987654321InmemoryofLeslieHaroldDeatonContentsPrefaceixIntroduction:WhatThisBookIsAbout11TheWellbeingoftheWorld23PARTILIFEANDDEATH2FromPrehistoryto1945593EscapingDeathintheTropics1014HealthintheModer
5、nWorld126PARTIIMONEY5MaterialWellbeingintheUnitedStates1676GlobalizationandtheGreatestEscape218PARTIIIHELP7HowtoHelpThoseLeftBehind267Postscript:WhatComesNext?325Notes331Index351PrefaceTHEGREATESCAPEisamovieaboutmenescapingfromaprisoner-of-warcampinWorl
6、dWarII.TheGreatEscapeofthisbookisthestoryofman-kind’sescapingfromdeprivationandearlydeath,ofhowpeoplehaveman-agedtomaketheirlivesbetter,andledthewayforotherstofollow.Oneofthoseliveswasmyfather’s.LeslieHaroldDeatonwasbornin1918inatoughcoal-miningvillagec
7、alledThurcroftintheSouthYorkshirecoalfield.HisgrandparentsAliceandThomashadgivenupagriculturallaborinthehopeofdoingbetterinthenewmine.Theireldestson,mygrandfath-erHarold,foughtinWorldWarI,returnedtothe“pit,”andeventuallybe-cameasupervisor.Formyfather,it
8、wasdifficulttobecomeeducatedinThurcroftbetweenthewarsbecauseonlyafewchildrenwereallowedtogotohighschool.Leslietookoddjobsatthepit;liketheotherboys,hisambi-tionwasthat,oneday,hewouldgetthechancetoworkattheface.Henev-ermadeit;hewas
