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1、TheUseofComputationalIntelligenceinDigitalWatermarking:Review,Challenges,andNewTrendsAshrafDarwish1andAjithAbraham2,3Abstract:DigitalWatermarking(DW)basedoncomputationalintelligence(CI)iscurrentlyattractingconsiderableinterestfromtheresearchcommunity.Thisarticlep
2、rovidesanoverviewoftheresearchprogressinapplyingCImethodstotheproblemofDW.ThescopeofthisreviewwillencompasscoremethodsofCI,includingroughsets(RS),fuzzylogic(FL),arti cialneuralnetworks(ANNs),ge-neticalgorithms(GA),swarmintelligence(SI),andhybridintelligentsystems
3、.Theresearchcontributionsineach eldaresystematicallysummarizedandcomparedtohighlightpromisingnewresearchdirections.The ndingsofthisreviewshouldprovideusefulinsightsintothecurrentDWliteratureandbeagoodsourceforanyonewhoisinterestedintheapplicationofCIapproachestoD
4、Wsystemsorrelated elds.Inaddition,hybridintelligentsystemsareagrowingresearchareainCI.Keywords:ComputationalIntelligence,Digitalwatermarking,Arti cialneu-ralnetworks,Fuzzylogic,Roughsets,Swarmintelligence,Geneticalgorithms,Fuzzy-neuralsystems,Genetic-swarmsystems
5、,Genetic-fuzzysystems.1.IntroductionCIisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantandrapidlyincreasing elds,whichattractalargenumberofresearchersandscientistsworkinginareassuchasneuro-computing,approximatereasoning,globaloptimizationetc.CIhasbeenatremen-douslyactiveareaof
6、researchforthelastyears.Therearemanyprominentap-plicationsofCIinmanysub elds,forexample,imageprocessing,retrievalaudioprocessing[34],andtextprocessing.However,therearestillnumerousnumberofopenproblemsindi erentareas,suchasinmultimediaprocessingandcomputeranimatio
7、nthatneedsadvancedandecientcomputationalmethodologies[41,48].DWreferstotheprocessofembeddingsomelabelsorsignaturesintodigitalmediawithoutintroducingperceptibleartifacts.Itplaysavitalroleintheap-plicationstocopyrightprotectionofdigitalmedia,authentication,dateint
8、egrity,1FacultyofScience,HelwanUniversity,Cairo,EgyptMachineIntelligenceResearchLabs(MIRLabs),USAEmail:amodarwish@yahoo.com2FacultyofElectricalEngineeringandCo
