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1、—CHAPTER3AfterAristotle:ASearchfortheGoodLifeAfterSpartadefeatedAthensinthePeloponnesianandmostofwhatisknownofhisideascomesfromWar(431–404B.C.),theGreekcity-statesbegantohisdiscipleSextusEmpiricus,whowroteOutlinesofcollapseandtheGreekpeoplebecameincreasinglyPyrrh
2、onism(Bury,1990)inthethirdcenturyA.D.demoralized.InthispostwaratmosphereSocrates,TheSkeptics’maintargetofattackwasdogma-Plato,andAristotleflourished,butagulfwasbegin-tism.Forthem,adogmatistwasanyoneclaimingtoningtodevelopbetweenphilosophyandthepsycho-havearrivedat
3、anindisputabletruth.TheSkepticslogicalneedsofthepeople.ShortlyafterAristotle’sbelievedthattheargumentsforandagainstanydeath(322B.C.),theRomansinvadedGreekterri-philosophicaldoctrinewereequallycompelling.Be-tory,makinganalreadyunstablesituationevenmorecauseallclai
4、msoftruthappearedequivocal,theuncertain.Inthistimeofgreatpersonalstrife,com-Skepticsadvocatedasuspensionofjudgment.Theyplexandabstractphilosophieswereoflittlecomfort.werenotdogmaticintheirbeliefs,however,sayingAmoreworldlyphilosophywasneeded—aphiloso-alwaysthat“t
5、hisishowthingsappeartous”or“thisphythataddressedtheproblemsofeverydayliving.ishowthingsappeartome.”TheywerenotaffirmingThemajorquestionswerenolonger,Whatisthena-ordenyinganybelief,theywereonlyclaimingthattureofphysicalreality?orWhatandhowcanhu-theywereunawareofany
6、reliablecriteriafordistin-mansknow?butratherHowisitbesttolive?orguishingamongvariousclaimsoftruth.TheyheldWhatisthenatureofthegoodlife?orWhatisworth“thatnooneatallcouldknowanythingatall;andbelievingin?Whatemergedinresponsetothelatterwithcommendableconsistencythey
7、proceededtoquestionswerethephilosophiesoftheSkeptics,Cyn-denythattheythemselveskneweventhatdistress-ics,Epicureans,Stoics,and,finally,theChristians.ingfact”(Barnes,1982,p.136).TheSkepticsnotedthatbecausenomatterwhatonebelieveditcouldturnouttobefalse,onecouldSkepti
8、cismandCynicismavoidthefrustrationofbeingwrongbysimplynotBothSkepticismandCynicismwerecriticalofotherbelievinginanything.Byrefrainingfrommakingphilosophies,con
