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1、JournalofPowerSources157(2006)1127ReviewCarbonpropertiesandtheirroleinsupercapacitorsA.G.Pandolfo∗,A.F.HollenkampCSIRODivisionofEnergyTechnology,Box312,ClaytonSouth,Vic.3169,AustraliaAvailableonline4April2006AbstractSupercapacitors(alsoknownasultracapacitor
2、s)offerapromisingalternativeapproachtomeetingtheincreasingpowerdemandsofenergy-storagesystemsingeneral,andofportable(digital)electronicdevicesinparticular.Supercapacitorsareabletostoreanddeliverenergyatrelativelyhighrates(beyondthoseaccessiblewithbatteries)b
3、ecausethemechanismofenergystorageissimplecharge-separation(asinconventionalcapacitors).Thevastincreasesincapacitanceachievedbysupercapacitorsareduetothecombinationof:(i)anextremelysmalldistancethatseparatestheoppositecharges,asdefinedbytheelectricdouble-layer
4、;(ii)highlyporouselectrodesthatembodyveryhighsurface-area.Avarietyofporousformsofcarbonarecurrentlypreferredastheelectrodematerialsbecausetheyhaveexceptionallyhighsurfaceareas,relativelyhighelectronicconductivity,andacceptablecost.Thepowerandenergy-storageca
5、pabilitiesofthesedevicesarecloselylinkedtothephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthecarbonelectrodes.Forexample,increasesinspecificsurface-area,obtainedthroughactivationofthecarbon,generallyleadtoincreasedcapacitance.Sinceonlytheelectrolyte-wettedsurface-area
6、contributestocapacitance,thecarbonprocessingisrequiredtogeneratepredominantlyopenporesthatareconnectedtothebulkporenetwork.Whilethesupercapacitorsavailabletodayperformwell,itisgenerallyagreedthatthereisconsiderablescopeforimprovement(e.g.,improvedperformance
7、athigherfrequencies).Thusitislikelythatcarbonwillcontinuetoplayaprincipalroleinsupercapacitortechnology,mainlythroughfurtheroptimizationofporosity,surfacetreatmentstopromotewettability,andreducedinter-particlecontactresistance.©2006PublishedbyElsevierB.V.Key
8、words:Supercapacitor;Ultracapacitor;Porosity;surface-area;Activatedcarbon;CapacitanceContents1.Introduction.......................................................................................
