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1、Unit2FruitfulQuestionsTheothernightatthedinnertable,mythreekids--ages9,6and4--tooktimeoutfromtheirfoodfighttoteachmeaboutparadigmshifts,andlimitationsoflinearthinkingandhowtorefocusparameters.Here’showithappened:WewereplayingourownoralversionoftheSesameStreetgame,“WhatDoesn’tBel
2、ong?,”wherekidslookatthreepicturesandchoosetheonethatdoesn’tfit.Isaid,“OK,whatdoesn’tbelong,anorange,atomatoorastrawberry?”Theoldestdidn’ttakemorethanasecondtodeliverhissmuganswer:“Tomatobecausetheothertwoarefruits.”Iagreedthatthiswastherightanswerdespitethefactthatsomepuristsin
3、sistatomatoisafruit.Tothoseofusforcedaskidstoeattheminsalads,tomatoeswillalwaysbevegetables.Iwasabouttothinkupanothersetofthreewhenmy4-year-oldsaid,“Therightanswerisstrawberrybecausetheothertwoareroundandastrawberryisn’t.”HowcouldIarguewiththat?Thenmy6-year-oldsaid,“It’stheorang
4、ebecausetheothertwoarered.”Nottobeoutdonebyhisyoungersiblings,the9-year-oldsaid,“Itcouldalsobetheorangebecausetheothertwogrowonvines.”Themiddleonetookthisasadirectchallenge.“Itcouldbethestrawberrybecauseit’stheonlyoneyouputonicecream.”Somethingwasdefinitelyhappeninghere.Itwasmes
5、sierthanafoodfightandmuchmoreimportantthanwhetheratomatoisafruitorvegetable.MykidsweredoingwhatCopernicusdidwhenheplacedthesunatthecenteroftheuniverse,readjustingthecenturies-oldparadigmofanEarth-centeredsystem.TheyweredoingwhatReubenMattusdidwhenherenamedhisBronxicecreamHäagen-
6、Dazsandraisedthepricewithoutchangingtheproduct.TheyweredoingwhatEdwardJennerdidwhenhediscoveredavaccinationforsmallpoxbyabandoninghisquestforacure.Insteadofstudyingpeoplewhoweresickwithsmallpox,hebegantostudypeoplewhowereexposedtoitbutnevergotsick.Hefoundthatthey’dallcontracteda
7、similarbutmilderdisease,cowpox,whichvaccinatedthemagainstthedeadlysmallpox.Theywererefocusingtheparameters.Theywereredefiningtheproblems.Theywerereframingthequestions.Inshort,theyweredoingwhateveryscientistwho’severmadeanimportantdiscoverythroughouthistoryhasdone,accordingtoThom
8、asKuhn,inhisbook,TheStructureofScientificRevolu
